Immunology

Question 1

Immune system is only active in desaeases

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Main steps in defense

Answer 2

Recognise ( self or not self)
Restore homeostasis
Remember

Question 3

Sites of collection of immune cells

Answer 3

Lymph nodes and spleen

Question 4

Synthesis of immune and non immune cells is the function of

Answer 4

Bone marrow

Question 5

Small intestine has a lymphatic tissue called

Answer 5

Peyres patches

Question 6

Immune cells exist in 3 places

Answer 6

Organs
Tissues
Circulating in blood

Question 7

Specialised immune cells exist in

Answer 7

Bone marrow then circulate to blood or lymp nodes

Question 8

Immune cells are normal presented or circulated in 2 things

Answer 8

Blood or lymph as defined collections in lymphoid organs or as scattered cells in all tissues

Question 9

What are cells of immune system

Answer 9

Phagocytes
Antigen presenting cells
Lymphocytes
Mast . Eosinophils . Basophils

Question 10

The most abundant leukocyte in blood

Answer 10

Neutrophils

Question 11

Cells present in blood …. Tissue

Answer 11

Mono
Lympho
Baso
Eosino
Neutro(go to tissue just if it is damaged )
Their response is localised to tissues

In tissue we have mast cells

Question 12

Describe neutrophil nucleus

Question 13

What stimulates the production of neutrophils

Answer 13

G-CSF(

Question 14

What does the granules in neutrophils has

Answer 14

Specific
Azurophilic

Question 15

What are the microbicidial substances in NET

Answer 15

Metalloproteases and ROS

Question 16

What are 3 functions of nutrophiles

Question 17

What is neutropenia and what cause it and what is its effects

Answer 17

( cancer treatment or auto immune disease )

Causes recurrent infection

Question 18

What stimulates monocyte to be macrophage

Answer 18

Cytokines

Question 19

How macrophage repair damaged tissue (2)

Answer 19

1 angiogenesis
2 fibrosis ( ECm rich in collagen)

Question 20

Macrophage like cells in drosophila are called

Answer 20

Hematocytes

Question 21

Cell present in skin and mucosal epithelium

Answer 21

Mast

Question 22

Cell that has granules full of histamine and found close to small blood vessels and nerves

Answer 22

Mast

Question 23

What does APC do (3 steps)

Question 24

Major type of app

Answer 24

Dendritic

Question 25

The cell that capture antigen and display it without prosising is

Answer 25

FDC

Question 26

What are the differences between all types of dendritic cells

Question 27

The cell that don’t migrate when capturing an antigen

Answer 27

Macrophage

Question 28

Lymphocyte distinct to t and B cells

Answer 28

NK cells

Question 29

The cell that kill without clinal expansion or differentiation is

Answer 29

Nk

Question 30

Cells that are different in their function but morphologically similar

Answer 30

T cells and B cells

Question 31

The cells that have Cd 45 recopter

Answer 31

T /b / thrombocyte/monocyte/granulocytes/hematopoietic stem cells

Question 32

Hoe we differentiate between granylocyte and monocyte

Answer 32

G( Cd15) M(Cd14)

Question 33

Howe we differentiate between T and B cells

Answer 33

T ( بd4 for helper and Cd 8 for cyto toxic

Question 34

Explain the distribution of lymphocyte

Answer 34

65% 15% 10% 2%

Question 35

The only cells in our body that have clonally distributed antigen recopter

Answer 35

Lymphocyte

Question 36

How we have millions of receptors on lymphocytes with a small germ line DNA

Answer 36

Recombination of DNA segments during the maturation of these cells

Question 37

What is the difference between primary or central lymphoid organ and the secondary or the perepheral

Question 38

The site of T cell maturation is

Answer 38

Thymus

Question 39

The site t\hat has mostly mature T cells in thymus is called

Answer 39

Medulla

Question 40

Describe structure of thymus

Answer 40

Bilobed structure in anterior mediastinum Has 2 lobes divided into lobules by fibrous septa

Question 41

What are the cells inside medulla and what its function

Answer 41

TMEC

Question 42

What is the main function of lymphatic system and what does lymph contain

Answer 42

Drain fluids from tissues in and out of lymph nodes ( adaptive immunity )then to blood ( tissue fluid homeostasis and immune response ) Contains microbes and dendritic cells and inflammatory mediators

Question 43

Describe structure of lymph nodes

Answer 43

Encapsulated vasculirized secondary lymphoid organ Follicles ( B cell zone) or germinal center in the cortex around FDC( makes dense reticular network) In parafolicular cortex we have T cell zone Depending on cytokines secreted by lymph node stromatolites cell

Question 44

B cell directly from bone marrow to lymph nodes but T cells from bone marrow to thymus then to lymph nodes

Question 45

What is the type of cytokines that determine the position of T and B cells in lump nodes and what the importance

Answer 45

Chemokines ( chemoattractant cytokines ) bind to receptors on lymphocytes To ensure that each one of them get close to the correct APC ( dendritic for t and FDC for B)

Question 46

When adaptive immunity is carried in spleen or lymph nodes

Answer 46

Spleen if antigen in circulation because its the largest lymphoid tissue Node if antegin in tissues

Question 47

The splenic parenchyma is divided into 2. Structures what are they

Answer 47

1 red pulp ( filter the blood/ removes dead blood cells especially red blood cell/ remove microbes and particles like immune complexes and opsonized microbes) composed of blood filled vascular sinusoids 2 white pulp ( adaptive immunity against blood borne microbes ) composed of lymphocytes

Question 48

How does the blood pass through spleen

Question 49

People who are suspected to get encapsulated bacterial infection are

Answer 49

Who removes the spleen

Question 50

The boundary between red and white pulp in the spleen is

Answer 50

Marginal zone

Question 51

Inhaled and ingested microbes are defenses by

Answer 51

MALT ( mucosa associated lymphoid tissue ) like lymph node but not capsulated in skin and GI mucosa and bronchi mucosa

Question 52

What are pathogens that innate immunity can recognize

Answer 52

Conserved pattern that don’t change by mutation

Question 53

Antibiotic resistance protein is recognized by

Answer 53

Adaptive immunity

Question 54

Pamps can be

Answer 54

Nuclear acid Complex lipids and carbs Protein

Question 55

What are Damps and when they are secreted

Answer 55

Because of infection or ( decreased blood supply or trauma or burns or chemical toxins

Question 56

what are PRR

Answer 56

Receptors for pampas and damps Cellbounded or soluble in tissue fluid

Question 57

Toll like receptor ( conserved) from insects to mammals / where does ligand bind

Answer 57

Leucine rich motif / myD88/ NF-kb Tlr( cell bounded in membrane recognize external patterns like 2 and 4 Intracellular in endoscopes recognize nuclei acids like 3 and 7

Question 58

LPs must bound to 2 adaptor proteins in order to bind TLr

Answer 58

Cd14 Md2 Then signal is transmitted by my d 88 or trif

Question 59

All tLr signals through my d 88 except tlR 3 by

Answer 59

Trif and activate irf 3 to give type 1 interferon

Question 60

What are other types of recopters

Answer 60

Carbohydrate recopters ( most. Important for bacteria / soluble or in membrane/ c type lectins / mannose decton receptors Scavenger ( not mammals ) N formal - met-lue-phe ( n formalmethionyle residues ( chemo attractants )

Question 61

What are major cytoplasmic receptors

Answer 61

1 NOd like receptors 2 RIG receptor

Question 62

NLR

Answer 62

20 types NoD 1 and 2 in mucosal epithelial cells and phagocytes ( piptidoglycan ) NlRp( pyrin domain0 respond to pamp and damp and make inflammasome that produce active form of lt1

Question 63

What is the importance of Nlrp

Answer 63

When bind pampas or damps it makes inflammasome that cleaves caspase 1 and activate il b1 and I’ll. 18

Question 64

What are most important cytokines kinds and who secrete ie

Answer 64

Il1 Il6 Tnf\ By macrophage and mast cells mainly but also endothelial and epithelial

Question 65

What is the role of TNF

Answer 65

Acute inflammation Cell proliferation in AP1 Cell killing in apoptosis By macrophage only

Question 66

What s simulates the production of Tnf and ilb1

Question 67

Systemic and local effects and induces the liver synthesis of inflammatory cytokines nd neutrophils from bone marrow

Answer 67

Interloken 6

Question 68

Differentiation of il17 helper T cells

Answer 68

IL6

Question 69

Give ex on soluble prr

Answer 69

Natural antibodies. Complement protein