Micro Flashcards

1
Q

primary amebic meningoencephalitis

A

Naegleria

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2
Q

invasion Naegleria

A

cribifrom plate to olfactory nerve

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3
Q

granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

A

Acanthamoeba

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4
Q

invasion Acanthamoeba

A

hematogenous spread from skin lesion through eye or inhalation

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5
Q

clinical manifestation Acanthamoeba

A

keratitis on soft contact lenses or corneal trauma

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6
Q

vector onchocerciasis

A

Simulium flies

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7
Q

clinical manifestations onchocerciasis

A

hanging groin-lymphadenitis
lizard skin
invasion of eye by microfilariae

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8
Q

diagnosis onchocerciasis

A

microfilariae in skin snips

Mazzotti-DEC causing intense itching

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9
Q

cause of complications in onchocerciasis

A

microfilariae associated with Wolbachia

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10
Q

Ivermectin in onchocerciasis

A

only treats microfilariae (helps with blindness)

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11
Q

transmission Wuchereria

A

mosquitoes

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12
Q

early manifestations Wuchereria

A

inflammatory

fever, redness, cough, SOB, asthma

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13
Q

later manifestations Wuchereria

A

obstructive

grotesque swellings of scrotum, legs, breasts

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14
Q

chyluria

A

lymph fluid and emulsified fat in urine

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15
Q

diagnosis Wuchereria

A

microfilariae in blood at night

antifilarial IgG4-ELISA

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16
Q

negative IgG4-ELISA in lymphatic

A

lymphedema occurs years after infection

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17
Q

clinical manifestations loa loa

A

calabar swellings

migration of worm across eye

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18
Q

transmission loa loa

A

day biting flies (Chrysops)

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19
Q

diagnosis loa loa

A

microfilariae in blood during day
ELISA
eosinophilia

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20
Q

transmission dracunculiasis

A

copepods (cyclops) ingestion through step
penetrate intestine and form liver (female)
blister ruptures in water releasing larvae

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21
Q

treatment guinea worm

A

twist around small stick

too aggressive-inflammatory response

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22
Q

acquisition of toxo

A

ingestion undercooked meat with cysts

ingestion parasite oocytes in contaminated food

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23
Q

congenital toxo transmission

A

from acute primary infection by mother

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24
Q

ocular toxo

A

retinochoroiditis

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25
Q

toxo in AIDS patients

A

reactivation of chronic infection

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26
Q

acute disease toxo

A

tachyzoite

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27
Q

latent and reactivated toxo

A

bradyzoite cyst

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28
Q

avian schistosomes

A

itching

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29
Q

life cycle schistosomiasis

A

man-snail-man

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30
Q

transmission schistosomiasis

A

cercariae penetrate skin
to lungs and then liver
portal circulation lay eggs
eggs passed in defecation

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31
Q

response in schisotomiasis

A

from eggs

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32
Q

deposition s. mansoni

A

mesenteric vessels of large intestine

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33
Q

deposition s. japonicum

A

mesenteric vessels of large and small intestine

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34
Q

deposition s. haematobium

A

urinary bladder

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35
Q

Katayama fever

A

acute reaction in non-immune individuals

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36
Q

complications s mansoni and s japonicum

A

liver fibrosis, portal HTN, chronic salmonella

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37
Q

increased risk of bladder cancer

A

s haematobium

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38
Q

lateral hook

A

s japonicum

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39
Q

lateral spine

A

mansoni

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40
Q

terminal spine

A

haematobium

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41
Q

clinical presentation T. saginata and T solium

A

mild GI symptoms

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42
Q

cause of cysticercosis

A

eggs of T solium directly infective

causes new onset seizures

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43
Q

diphyllobothrium latum

A

fish tapeworm from sushi and sashimi

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44
Q

B12 deficiency cause

A

diphyllobothrium latum

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45
Q

most common human tapeworm

A

H nana

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46
Q

lifecycle h nana

A

immediately infective or transmission with flea or beetle in contaminated grain

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47
Q

cucumber seeds

A

dipylidium caninum

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48
Q

alveolar echinococcus

A

multilocaris

life-cycle includes canine-rodent

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49
Q

cystic echinococcus

A

granulosus

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50
Q

life cycle echinococcus

A

dog-sheep-humans

hydatid cysts

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51
Q

diagnosis echinoccus

A

space occupying lesion

test for echinococcal Arc5 on immunoblot

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52
Q

treatment echinoccus

A

careful removal

rupture of cyst leads to anaphylaxis and seeding of more cysts

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53
Q

life cycle paragonimiasis

A

man, snail, crab, man

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54
Q

clinical manifestations paragonimiasis

A

rust colored sputum

can cause abscess

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55
Q

transmission opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis

A

raw or undercooked freshwater fish with larvae

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56
Q

life cycle opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis

A

man, snail, freshwater fish, man

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57
Q

clinical opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis

A

epigastric pain with tenderness over teh liver
weakness, diarrhea, jaundice, hepatomegaly
cirrhosis

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58
Q

cholangiocarcinoma

A

opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis

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59
Q

diagnosis opisthorchiasis/clonorchiasis

A

operculum eggs

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60
Q

from water cress

A

fascioliasis
causes RUQ pain
also operculated eggs

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61
Q

from pigs and water plants

A

fasciolopsiasis
causes diarrhea and edema
also operculated eggs

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62
Q

life cycle

A

resistant to chlorinization

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63
Q

invasion of tissue for entomeba

A

trophozoites

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64
Q

amebic liver abscess

A

RUQ pain
elevated right hemidiaphragm
usually not at same time as diarrhea/dysentery complaints

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65
Q

amebic pulmonary disease

A

ruptures through diaphragm
pleuritic pain
redish brown sputum

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66
Q

biopsy entemeba

A

flask shaped

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67
Q

diagnosis entemeba

A

stool OPx3

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68
Q

ingested RBCs

A

trophozoites from E histolytica

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69
Q

sharp and central karyosome

A

E histolytica

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70
Q

biopsy of entemeba

A

take from edges

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71
Q

blastocystis

A

from MSM

causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, N/V

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72
Q

Giardia on boards

A

St Petersburg, MSM, beavers

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73
Q

life cycle giardia

A

cysts in stomach
trophozoites colonize duodenum
cysts and trophozoites passed in stool

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74
Q

clinical giardia

A

frothy, foul-smelling and floats
yellow
lactose intolerant and malabsorption
reactive arthritis

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75
Q

diagnosis giardia

A

trophozoite two nuclei, ventral adhesive sucking disc

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76
Q

prevention giardia

A

resistant to chlorine

requires filtration

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77
Q

dientamoeba fragilis

A

flagellate

only trophozoite demonstrated, transmission in pinworm eggs

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78
Q

only ciliate infection that causes disease in intestine

A

balantidium

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79
Q

acid fast coccidia

A

cryptosporidium, isospora, cyclospora

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80
Q

two separate hosts for life cycle

A

sarcocystis

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81
Q

chlorine and city waters not protected from

A

cryptosporidium

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82
Q

diagnosis cryptosporidium

A

Kinyoun acid-fast stain

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83
Q

charcot leyden crystals

A

isospora and amebiasis

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84
Q

raspberries and mesclun lettuce

A

cyclospora

85
Q

diagnosis cyclospora

A

under UV microscope will appear green or blue

86
Q

sarcocystis life cycle

A

carnivore for sexual stage and intermediate host (herbivore)

87
Q

obligate intracellular parasite

A

microsporidia

88
Q

coiled polar filament which extrudes

A

microsporidia

89
Q

clinical manifestation microsporidia

A

chronic diarrhea or keratoconjunctivitis

90
Q

toxo can cause

A

schizophrenia

91
Q

dientameba and chlorine

A

resistant

92
Q

greater than 4 cysts

A

E coli

not pathogenic

93
Q

appearance of E histolytica

A

up to 4 nuclei

94
Q

bacteria of gut

A

more anaerobic as you go down

95
Q

role of microbiota in gut

A

nutrient uptake and metabolism

develop barrier to colonization by foreign bacteria

96
Q

segmented filamentous bacteria

A

symbiont
ability to stimulate B and T cell maturation (Th17)
anaerobic

97
Q

causes and site of secretory diarrhea

A

vibrio and ETEC

small intestine

98
Q

causes and site of dysentery

A

shigella, entamoeba
large intestine
(blood and mucus)

99
Q

causes and site of hemorrhagic colitis

A

EHEC

large intestine

100
Q

result of campylobacter

A

gastroenteritis from undercooked chicken

101
Q

result of EHEC

A

hemorrhagic colitis, HUS, renal failure

contaminated hand to mouth

102
Q

result of salmonella

A

gestroenteritis from mayonnaise made using raw eggs

103
Q

result shigella

A

gastroenteritis from hand to mouth

104
Q

result of staph aureus

A

toxin consumed leading to acute food poisoning

nasal carriage to cook

105
Q

characteristics of campylobacter

A
gram negative
slender, cruved, comma or S shaped
unable to oxidize or ferment
microaerophilic
motile
catalase and oxidase positive
urease negative
106
Q

diseases caused by campylobacter

A

gastroenteritis
diarrhea and septicemia
GBS

107
Q

histology inflammatory enteritis

A

entire mucosa with flattened atrophic villi, necrotic villi, necrotic debris in crypts and thickened basement membrane

108
Q

treatment campylobacter

A

usually self limited

erythromycin DOC

109
Q

diseases associated with H pylori

A

chronic gastritis
peptic ulcer disease
MALT
stomach adenocarcinoma

110
Q

characteristics H pylori

A

gram negative rod, curve shaped
4-6 unipolar sheathed flagella
microaerophilic
oxidase, catalase, urease, alk phosphatase

111
Q

major virulence factors H pylori

A

motility and urease production

112
Q

increased virulence H pylori

A

CagA

causes more damage to epithelial cells

113
Q

other virulence factors H pylori

A

CagA
VacA
phospholipase and protease

114
Q

first line treatment of H pylori

A

PPI and two antibiotics (clarithromycin and amoxicillin/metronidazole)
bidx7

115
Q

second line treatment of H pylori

A

PPI and bismuth and tetracycline and metronidazole bidx14

116
Q

toxin EHEC

A

shiga-like toxin

117
Q

location EHEC

A

large intestine

attaching-effacing

118
Q

inoculum EHEC

A

low like shigella

119
Q

characteristics shigella

A
non-lactose fermenting
gram negative
do not produce H2S
nonmotile
most effective among enteric pathogens
120
Q

pathogenesis shigella

A

target cells in colon by invading M cells in Peyer patches
type III sec system to induce membrane ruffling
lyse phagocytic vacuole
cell to cell spread through actin tail
induce apoptosis

121
Q

mechanism of Shiga toxin

A

cleave 28s rRNA in 60s ribosomal subunit

AB5

122
Q

methylene blue stain

A

shows presence of PMN

can show signs of shigella, salmonella, or campylobacter

123
Q

transmission shigella

A

fingers, flies, food, feces

124
Q

treatment shigella

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

cipro in severe

125
Q

hosts salmonella choleraesuis

A

swine and human pathogen

126
Q

salmonella characteristics

A

do not ferment lactose
produce H2S
antigens-O, H, capsular Vi
facultative intracellular growth

127
Q

diseases caused by salmonella

A

gastroenteritis
typhoid fever
bacteremia
localized infections (osteomyelitis, meningitis)

128
Q

typhoid fever agents

A

s typhi and paratyphi

129
Q

transmission typhoid fever

A

6-30 day incubation
symptoms-fever, HA, malaise, anorexia
small intestine through Peyers patches and spread to liver, gallbladder, and spleen

130
Q

survival of typhoid

A

in phagosomes

carrier state

131
Q

typhoid vaccine

A

short term protection

not that effective

132
Q

characteristics of yersiniae

A

gram negative rods, facultative anaerobic
lactose non-fermenter
oxidase negative

133
Q

reservoir for enterocolitica

A

pigs, rodents, livestock, rabbits

134
Q

reservoir for pseudotuberculosis

A

rodents, wilde animals, game birds

135
Q

agent of bubonic and pneumonic plagues

A

y pestis

136
Q

covered with protein capsule

A

y pestis

137
Q

grow at cold temperature

A

y enterocolitica

138
Q

mesenteric adenitis

A

resemble appendicitis

can be caused by enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis

139
Q

more common in colder areas

A

y enterocolitica

140
Q

treatment pseudotuberculosis

A

ampicillin and tetracycline

141
Q

treatment enterocolitica

A

ampicillin, chloramphenicol, polymyxin

142
Q

characteristics c diff

A

gram positive
spore forming
anaerobe
toxin producing

143
Q

treatment c diff

A

metronidazole or vancomycin

144
Q

enterotoxin A

A

produce chemotaxis for neutrophils

induce cytokine hemorrhagic necorsis

145
Q

cytotoxin B

A

induces depolymerization of actin

146
Q

<1 hr food poisoning

A

chemical ingestion

147
Q

1-7 hr

A

s aureus or b cereus

148
Q

8-12 hr

A

other bacterial agents

149
Q

> 15 hr

A

viral

150
Q

most common causes of food poisoning

A

salmonella
campylobacter
shigella

151
Q

cAMP controls

A

NaCl absorption

152
Q

characteristics vibrio

A
gram negative
comma shaped
facultative anaerobe
fermentative
oxidase positive
single polar flagellum (H antigen)
153
Q

encapsulated vibrio

A

O139

154
Q

classic cholera subtypes

A

O139 and O1

155
Q

hardier strain that persists longer in nature and man

A

O1

156
Q

did not hybridize on southern blot

A

O1

157
Q

pathogenesis vibrio

A

targets intestine because requires low pH

survive enzymatic activities and peristaltic action of intestine

158
Q

cholera toxin

A

impairs normal absorption
AC to cAMP
carried on single stranded DNA phage

159
Q

Cfa

A

colinization factor of cholera

160
Q

TcpA

A

toxin coregulated pilus of cholera

occurs in bundles and are localized to one end

161
Q

LTA

A

labile toxin of cholera

162
Q

A1 cholera toxin

A

ADP ribosylates G protein

163
Q

B cholera toxin

A

binds ganglioside on cell surface

164
Q

role of hemagglutinin in cholera

A

act as adhesins

165
Q

treatment cholera

A

mostly oral rehydration
self-limiting disease
doxy or tetra in adults

166
Q

treatment cholera pregnant

A

furazolidone

167
Q

treatment cholera in children

A

trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole

168
Q

transmission and clinical vibrio vulnificus

A

raw or undercooked shellfish

cellulitis, wound infection, septicemia

169
Q

transmission and clinical vibrio parahaemoltyicus

A

gastroenteritis after raw oysters and clams

can cause wound infections (more severe in liver disease or immunocompromised)

170
Q

characteristics b cereus

A

aerobic
motile
non-encapsualted
spores

171
Q

clinical manifestation b cereus

A

emetic food poisoning
diarrhea food poisoning
eye infections

172
Q

virulence factors b cereus

A
spore formation
lecithinase (PLC)
exotoxin
vascular permeability action
labile toxin
cereolysin
173
Q

necrotic toxin

A

vascular permeability action

heat labile

174
Q

cereolysin

A

hemolysin which disrupts cholesterol of cell membrane

175
Q

treatment b cereus

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

vanco, cipro, gentamycin

176
Q

characteristics staph aureus

A
gram positive, cluster-forming coccus
nonmotile, non-spore forming
facultative anaerobe
ferments glucose to form lactic acid
ferments mannitol
catalase and coagulase positive
177
Q

most commonly associated with food poisoning enterotoxin

A

staph A

178
Q

second most common with food poisoning

A

D

179
Q

associated with staph enterocolitis

A

B

180
Q

not food associated

A

TSST-1

181
Q

acts on brain vomit center
inhibits intestinal water absorption
strong inducer IL-1

A

enterotoxin A-E

182
Q

incubation period staph

A

4 hrs
non-bloody diarrhea
no fever

183
Q

incubation period viral gastro

A

2-4 days

184
Q

adenovirus

A

ds DNA

185
Q

ds RNA

A

reovirus

186
Q

characteristics reovirus

A
naked
acid stable
two icosahedral capsules 
RNA dependent RNAP and capping enzymes inside core 
10-12 segments
187
Q

tubular structrues

A

originates from vertices of the core (internal capsid) and extend through vertices of external capsid

188
Q

location viral replication and transcription reo

A

within viral core structrue

189
Q

steps of replication reo

A

outermost uncoated after entry

core enzymes activated and make new genome and mRNA in core

190
Q

role of tubular projections

A

transport channels for viral mRNAs out of the core and into cytoplasm

191
Q

hosts orthoreovirus

A

humans only

192
Q

orbovirus

A

replicate in vertebrates, all replicate in insects

193
Q

colorado tick fever

A

mild febrile without rash, ocular pain
transmitted by dermacentor ticks
diphasic fever

194
Q

rotovirus

A

human infantile diarrhea
infects cells at tips of villi
incubation 2-4 days

195
Q

RotaTeq vaccine

A

oral, live attenuated vaccine

pentavalent

196
Q

minimum age RotaTeq

A

6 weeks

197
Q

start RotaTeq

A

12 weeks

3 doses at 2, 4, 6 months

198
Q

structure caliciviridae

A

icosahedral capsid
positive RNA
ss, non segmented

199
Q

noroviruses genotypes

A

G1 and G2

200
Q

characteristics norovirus

A

only small number to produce disease
prolonged shedding (2 weeks)
resists inactivation by alcohols and detergents
long immunity not developed (short lived IgA)

201
Q

resistance to norovirus

A

B and AB bind it poorly

resist initial stages

202
Q

peak incidence norovirus

A

winter months

203
Q

viral structure coronaviridae

A

+RNA
helical nucleocapsid surrounded by viral envelope
peplomers
replicate in cytoplasm

204
Q

replication coronavirus

A

in cytoplasm
replicative intermediate
buds at plasma membrane and cytoplasmic vesicles

205
Q

diseases from coronavirus

A

SARS

gastroenteritis, necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns

206
Q

two genera astroviridae

A

mamastroviruses and avastroviruses

207
Q

high levels of gastro worldwide

A

astroviruses

208
Q

structure astroviruses

A

non enveloped icosahedral capsid
star shaped appearance
+RNA, ss, non-segmented