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DT3 Exam 2 > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

common characteristics of systemic fungi

A

dimorphic (mold in cold, yeast in heat)

endemic-confined to specific location

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2
Q

characteristics of blastomycosis

A

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, Great Lakes and SE US
mimics bacterial pneumonia in acute
mimics TB or lung cancer in chronic
can disseminate in immunocompromised

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3
Q

diagnosis of blastomycosis

A

KOH prep
sputum, BAL, lung tissue, skin biopsy
methenamine silver stain
broad based yeast

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4
Q

characteristics of histoplasmosis

A

endemic to Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
found in soil rich in nitrogen and birds/bats
mimics TB-formation of granuloma

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5
Q

ARDS and histoplasmosis

A

10% inflammatory sequelae
persistent lymphadenopathy, bronchial obstruction, arthritis, arthralgias, pericarditis
mediastinal fibrosis-persistent host response, constriction of mediastinal structures

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6
Q

diagnosis of histoplasmosis

A

direct microscopy
yeast phase in sputum, BAL, fluid, blood films, bone marrow
tissue stained with Giemsa, GMS, PAS
small yeast

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7
Q

characteristics of coccidioidomycosis

A

endemic in Southwest (c. posadasii mostly outside Ca)
arid, alkaline soils
outbreaks after dust storm and earthquakes
spherules (can be mistaken for toxoplasma)

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8
Q

presentation of coccidioidomycosis

A

imitates syphilis and typhoid
forms necrotizing granulomas
spherules filled with endospores

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9
Q

presentation of paracoccidioidomycosis

A

granulomatous disease of mucous membranes, skin, pulmonary system
can disseminate to extrapulmonary sites

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10
Q

diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis

A

sputum, BAL, scrapings or biopsy of ulcers

multiple buds forming “Captains wheel”

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11
Q

characteristics of penicillium marneffei

A

opportunistic pathogen in individuals with AIDS and other immunosuppression
can mimic TB, leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis

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12
Q

cellular injuries due to bacterial invasion and multiplication

A 
competitive metabolism
bacterial quorum sensing
virulence factors
toxin production
intracellular vs. extracellular growth
dynamic growth
biofilm formation
complement activation
Ab-Ag production
activation of inflammation
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13
Q

cells in acute infection

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

cells in acute allergies

A

eosinophils and mast cells

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15
Q

cells in chronic infection

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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16
Q

mediators in acute infection

A

complement, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, acute phase cytokines, chemokines

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17
Q

mediators in chronic infection

A

cytokines from macrophages and T cells

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18
Q

characteristics of CF

A

most common genetic disease in Caucasians
AR
chromosome 7-gene product is CF transmembrane conductance regulator

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19
Q

most common deletion in CF

A

deltaF508

causes product to stay in Golgi

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20
Q

common complications of CF patients

A

pancreatic insufficiency

intestinal blockage-meconium ileus

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21
Q

signs and symptoms of CF

A 
family history
salty tasting skin
chronic cough with sputum secretion
chronic wheezing
meconium ileus
staph pneumonia in infancy
chronic pansinusitis/nasal polyposis
liver disease
delayed puberty
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22
Q

bacterial components in CF

A

change from S. aureus to P. aeruginosa

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23
Q

characteristics of pseudomonas

A 
gram negative
aerobic and anaerobic
rod shaped
motile (pili and flagella)
grape like odor
environmental bacterium
simple growth requirement
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24
Q

alginate

A

exopolysaccharide
mucoidy
requires a lot of energy
forms biofilm (exopolysaccharide matrix enclosed bacterial community)

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25
Q

clinical manifestations of CF

A

localized lung infections-excessive neutrophil infiltration
infections confined to bronchi and bronchioles
malnutrition

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26
Q

source of damage in CF

A

neutrophils in crhonic infection

type III hypersensitivity

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27
Q

treatment of CF

A

suppressive
inhaled tobramycin and oral azithromycin
combination-anti-pseudomonas penicillin, ticarcillin or piperacillin plus aminglycoside

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28
Q

second most common infectious cause of death in adults

A

TB

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29
Q

locations of TB

A

secondary-in the apex of the lung

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30
Q

characteristics of mycobacterium TB

A 
obligate aerobic rod
Gram + like wall
infections from aerosols
resistance to drying and chemicals
waxes in cell wall
grows slowly in vitro and vivo 
acid fast due to mycolic acid
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31
Q

mycolic acid

A

beta hydroxy fatty acid linked to murein

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32
Q

transmission of TB

A

prolonged close contact between susceptible with active case of TB

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33
Q

virulence factors of TB

A

grow inside macrophages and monocytes
prevents phagosome/lysosome fusion (escape of phagosome)
LLO homologue (hemolysin) allows for escape
prevents acidification of phagosome by producing NH4
mycolic acids induce immune response

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34
Q

TB with pigmented colonies

A

M. kansasii or m. marinum

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35
Q

characteristics of caseous granuloma

A

central core-multinucleated giant cells (fused macrophages)
epithelioid cell-large macrophage
CD4 T cells
can also be found in syphilis, histo, crypto, coccidio

36
Q

AIDS and TB

A

kills more rapidly
more likely to develop extrapulmonary disease, lymph nodes, genitourinary CNS
miliary TB
reduced CD4 does not allow macrophages to be activated
more susceptible to MAI (inherently more drug resistant)

37
Q

caveats to PPD

A

immunocompromised and AIDS may not react
cross reactive to other mycobacteria
foreign nationals who receive BCG

38
Q

structure of picornavirus

A 
single stranded, non-segmented RNA
\+ polarity 
capsid with few structural proteins
icosahedral capsid, no envelope 
rhino-acid labile (others acid stable)
39
Q

ECHOvirus location of virus in summer aseptic meningitis

A

virus in CSF

40
Q

new enterovirus that causes respiratory illness

A

type D68

especially severe in children and teenagers with asthma

41
Q

incubation period for rhinovirus

A

24 hour

42
Q

impracticality of rhinovirus vaccine

A

can’t grow well in tissue culture
short immunity, IgA
many serotypes
one type> one geographic area

43
Q

characteristics of coronavirus

A 
similar to negative strand viruses
ssRNA, + polarity 
helical nucleocapsid 
peplomers in envelope (glycoproteins)
replication in cytoplasm
mature by budding
44
Q

receptors for coronavirus

A

metalloprotease and coreceptor N-acetyl neuraminic acid

45
Q

replication of coronavirus

A

replicative intermediate

bud from ER to acquire envelope and peplomers

46
Q

strain A of coronavirus

A

infectious bronchitis

primarily in adults

47
Q

SARS

A

lower respiratory tract infections
symptoms of high fever, cough, SOB
spread by coughing and sneezing

48
Q

incubation period for SARS

A

2-7 days

49
Q

cell receptor for SARS

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 on epithelial cells

50
Q

characteristics of adenovirus

A

capsid of 240 hexons and 12 pentons
pentons-antigenic
dense nucleoid core
linear dsDNA DNA noncovalently linked circular DNA

51
Q

components of pentons

A

base
fiber
knob

52
Q

division of adenovirus

A

DNA base composition
oncogenic properties
hemagglutination
cell interactions

53
Q

preference of infection for adenovirus

A

conjunctiva, respiratory and intestinal epithelium and regional lymph nodes
restricted to ARD

54
Q

adeno pneumonia in children

A

type 7 and type 3

55
Q

oral vaccine for adeno

A

4 and 7

56
Q

binding of viruses

A

strong binding does not get cleared by sweeping of the mucociliary cell system
lysis of infected cells-leads to symptoms

57
Q

incubation times for primary respiratory vs secondary respiratory

A

longer incubation if viremia established

58
Q

structure of paramyxovirus

A 
ssRNA -polarity, nonsegmented
helical nucelocapsid
RNA dependent RNAP
envelope
6 structural proteins
59
Q

glycoprotein HN

A

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

60
Q

glycoprotein H

A

only hemagglutinin

61
Q

glycoprotein F

A

fusion of membranes

62
Q

paramyxovirus

A

mumps, parainfluenza virus

HN, F envelope glycoproteins

63
Q

morbilliviruses

A

measles virus

H, F glycoprotein

64
Q

pnemovirus

A

RSV

F glycoprotein

65
Q

activation of F protein

A

proteolytically cleaved on viral envelope surface to yeild an infectious virus particle
located on surface of infected cells-can lead to formation of polykaryocytes (syncytia)

66
Q

replication of paramyxovirus

A

cytoplasmic (measles has a nuclear stage)

replication requires RNA dependent RNAP

67
Q

types of parainfluenza virus

A

type 1 croup, ARD of newborns
type 3 usually first, then 1,2,4
IgA short lived

68
Q

pneumovirus (RSV)

A

bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants
F glycoprotein
can also cause lower respiratory disease
common in winter

69
Q

enhanced severity of RSV

A

maternal IgG does not protect and may enhance severity

70
Q

treatment of RSV-prophylaxis

A

RSV immune globulin
anti-RSV monoclonal ab
palivizumab to at risk babies

71
Q

killed vaccine for RSV

A

harmful

causes immune complex formation

72
Q

structure of orthomyxovirus

A 
ssRNA, - polarity
8 segments for A,B
6 segments for C
helical nucleocapsid 
RNA dependent RNAP
73
Q

antigens from influenza

A 
nucleocapsid and M protein
H ags (detected by hemagglutination, neutralization, C-fixation)
74
Q

role of neuraminidase

A

important in budding

lowers viscosity of mucus

75
Q

antigenic drift

A

point mutations

leads to epidemics

76
Q

antigenic shift

A

H antigenic variation
due to reassortment between humans and animals
causes pandemics

77
Q

antigenic sin

A

new infection with influenza A

response strongest to first subtype

78
Q

influenza B

A

less frequent shift and drift
Reye’s syndrome (acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of liver, polyneuritis, hypoglycemia)
Guillain Barre

79
Q

amantadine and rimantidine

A

block uncoating

give to those sensitive to egg proteins

80
Q

ribavirin

A

inhibits RNA synthesis

81
Q

zanamivir

A

inhibitors of neuraminidase

82
Q

seasonal vaccines

A

formalin inactivated
trivalent vaccine-two A and one B
start vaccination in October/November

83
Q

split vaccine

A

subunit
proteins H and N
non-toxic and non-pyrogenic

84
Q

intranasal vaccine

A

not recommended due to poor protection against H1N1

produces IgA and IgG

85
Q

swine flu

A

targeted healthy young

86
Q

goal of vaccination in bioterrorism

A 
protect against weaponized influenza
extensive reduction (low baseline)

DT3 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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