Micro Flashcards
what are big differences between prokaryotes v. eukaryotes
membrane bound organelles in E
what is same between pro. and euk.
ribosomes
DNA of some kind
plasma membrane
similarities between gram + and gram -
peptidoglycan
gram +
thick peptidoglycan
more sensitive to antibiotics
sensitive to lysozyme
gram 0
outer membrane with pores
LPS
Nag-Nam
dsDNA viruses
go directly to nucleus to be replicated
+ strand (sense) RNA
looks like mRNA
copied directly
-strand (antisense) RNA
must copy to make + strand before you make proteins
what do retroviruses rely on?
reverse transcriptase
if you have a promoter where RNA polymerase will bind within promotor you also have
operator
acts as on. off switch
regulatory gene of operons
lac gene
preferred energy source of operon
glucose
if both lactose and glucose are present (lac operon) which will it utilize?
glucose
if lactose present by not glyuose?
cAMP binds to CAP
acts as super magnet for transcription to accur
attenuation
regulation of transcription by controlling transcription termination
termination of transcription in leader region
trp operon and attenuation
translation stalls b/c no charged trp tRNAs therefore transcription occurs
high trp levels = lots of charged trp tRNAs so no stalling of RNA polymerase and no need to make more trp so no transcription occurs
activation of transcription is caused by
sigma factor binding to TATA box
where does glycolysis (EM pathway) occur in bacteria?
cytosol
ED pathway occurs wehre
in cytosol
ED v. EM pathway
ED is alternative to EM
get less ATP and 1 NADPH with ED
TCA cycles occurs…
in cytosole
electron transport occurs..
in membrane
with no oxygen or final electron acceptor?
pyruvate is converted to something else – FERMENTATION
lactic acid
purpose of fermentation?
to regenerate NAD to continue to produce ATP
ATP production via EM pathway
components of innate immunity
barrier defenses chemical defenses complement inflammation lysozyme
lysozyme
found in tears, salvia, breast milk, mucous
works by breaking NAG-NAM bonds
where are microbes typically NOT FOUND in body?
deep lungs
bladder
brain
kinases
digest fibrin clots
coagulase
coagulates fibrinogen (protective factor)
fimbrae
aids in attachment (adhesion molecule on surface)
M protein
resists phagocytosis and helps adherence
capsules
prevent opsonization/phagocytosis
opa protein
inhibits t cell activation
helper T cells
endotoxin
lipid chemistry
produce fever
Gram -
heat stable
exotoxin
secreted by gram +
protein chemistry
heat labile
plasmid fingerprinting
use RE to digest plasmid
get landing pattern to distinguish between different strains
indirect agglutination
Abs agains Ag and 2ndary AB binds to FC region
SANDWHICH
direct agglutination
ABs to agglutinate whole cells that serve as AG
direct fluorescence
ABs are fluorescent and bind to Ag
Ab titers
series of dilution looking for agglutination
zone of equivalence
Ab/Ag binding ratio (optimal)
results in lattice formation and observe banding
direct ELISA v indirect ELISA
direct: fishing for Ag
indirect: fishing for Ab in serum then find Ag
fluorescent Abs are used for
microscopy
flow cytometry
neutralization
allow you to look at cytopathic effects
immunoflouresence
dyes added to AB without altering ability to bind to Ag
indirect agglutination
small Ag linked with something you can see
binding Ab to detect Ag
monoclonal Abs com from
hybridomas
