Biochemistry Flashcards
bond length of covalent bond
1.54 A and bond every of 85 kcal/mol
types of non covalent bonds
electrostatic interactions
hydrogen bonds
van der waals interactons
Electrostatic Interactions
charged group on one molecule attracts an oppositely charged group on another molecule
hydrogen bonds
electrostatic interactions between two hydrogen molecules
van der Waals interactions
unequal distribution of electronic charge around an atom fluctuates with time
water molecules interact with each other and form strong hydrogen bonds. this property is known as
cohesion
Hydrophobic effect
water, when around a hydrophobic molecule, becomes highly structured and organized
hydrophobic forces
energy that is measured, formed when water interacts with self, decreasing the energy
pKa
the pH at which a molecule will lose one of its H+ molecules
D or L amino acids are found in proteins
L
hydrophobic amino acids
glycine alanine proline valine leucine isoleucine methionine phenylalanine tryptophan
polar amino acids
serine threonine tyrosine asparagine glutamine cysteine glutamate aspartate histidine arginine lysine
Paralogs
homologs that form different functions within one species
similar folding patterns/structure
Orthologs
proteins that form identical or very similar functions in different species
4 determinants of folding
secondary structure
folding is hierarchical
folding is to some degree context dependent
hydrophobic effect
folding is context dependent, this means…
many sequences can adopt alternative conformations in different proteins
conditions that cause protein denaturation
heat
pH (extremes)
Agitation
chemicals that cause protein denaturation
detergents
chaotrophic agents
organic solvents
types of isomers
constitutional
steroisomes
constitutional isomers
differ in the order of attachment of atoms
ex. aldose-ketose pairs
types of stereoisomers
enantiomers
diastereoisomers
stereoisomers
same order but different spatial arrangement
enantiomers
non-superimposable mirror images
ex. D and L glyceraldehyde
diastereoisomers
isomers that are not mirror images
epimers
anomers
epimers
differ at one of several asymmetric carbon
d-glucose and d-mannose
anomers
differ at new asymmetric carbon upon ring closure
ex. alpha-d-glucose, b-d-glucose
what binds alcohols and amines
glycosidic bonds
