micro 4 final exam

Question 1

Three types of formed elements of blood

Answer 1

• erythrocytes
• platelets
• leukocytes

Question 2

Erythrocytes

Answer 2

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 3

Platelets

Answer 3

Involved in blood clotting

Question 4

Leukocytes function and two groups

Answer 4

Involved in defending the body against invaders
>granulocytes
>agranulocytes

Question 5

Granulocytes

Answer 5

Contain large granulocytes that stain different colors based on the dye used

Question 6

3 types of granulocytes and their info

Answer 6

• basophils: stain blue with dye ethylene blue
• eosinophil: stain red/Orange with acidic dye eosin
• neutrophils: stain lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dye

Question 7

2 types of agranulocytes and their info

Answer 7

• lymphocytes: most involved in specific immunity

- monocytes: leave the blood and mature into macrophages

Question 8

Macrophages

Answer 8

• phagocytic cells of the second line of defense
• wandering macrophages leave the blood via diapedesis and phagocytize throughout the body
• fixed macrophages do not move throughout the body and phagocytize within a specific organ
• constitute the mononuclear phagocytic system along with monocytes

Question 9

analysis of leukocytes

Answer 9

• increased eosinophils indicates allergies of worm infection
• bacterial diseases often show increase in leukocytes and in neutrophils
• viral infections show increase in lymphocytes

Question 10

components of second line of defense

Answer 10

• phagocytosis
• extracellular killing by leukocytes
• nonspecific chemical defenses
• inflammation
• fever

Question 11

2 cell types that kill extracellulary

Answer 11

eosinophils and natural killer lymphocytes

Question 12

eosinophils info

Answer 12

• mainly attack parasitic helminthes (worms) by attaching to their surface
• secrete toxins that weaken or kill the worms
• eleveated levels of eosinophil, often indicative of a helminth infection

Question 13

natural killer lymphocytes info

Answer 13

• secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cell and tumors
• differentiate normal body cells because they have membrane proteins similar to nk cells

Question 14

Nonspecific chemical defenses

Answer 14

• lysozyme
• complement
• interferon
• defensins

Question 15

complement system is

Answer 15

set of serum proteins designated numerically according to the order of their discovery

Question 16

Complement system info

Answer 16

• complement activation results in lysis of foreign cell

- activated in several way: classical pathway, alternate pathway

Question 17

Classical pathway is

Answer 17

various complement proteins act nonspecifically to complement the action of antibodies

Question 18

alternate pathway info

Answer 18

• activation occurs independent of antibodies
• useful in early stages of infection before antibodies have been made
• initiated by interaction between properdin factors B,D,and P and the endotoxins and LPS from bacteria and fungi

Question 19

Interferons info

Answer 19

• protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
• cause many symptoms typically associated with viral infections

Question 20

Antigens are

Answer 20

molecules that trigger a specific immune response

Question 21

Lymphactic system info

Answer 21

• screens the tissues of the body for foreign antigens

- composed of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic cells

Question 22

Lymphoid cells info

Answer 22

• develop from stem cells in red bone marrow

- includes lymphocytes, the smallest of leukocytes

Question 23

Lymph nodes

Answer 23

houses leukocytes that recognize and attack foreign antigens present in the lymph

Question 24

other lymphoid tissues and organs

Answer 24

• spleen

- tonsils

Question 25

B lymphocytes function

Answer 25

secretion of antibodies

Question 26

Antibiodies info

Answer 26

secreted by plasma cells, which are B cells actively fighting exogenous antigen

Question 27

Antibody function in many ways

Answer 27

- activation of complement - stimulation of inflammation - agglutination - neutralization - opsonization

Question 28

Cytoxic T cells directly kill certain cells...

Answer 28

- cell infected with viruses and other intracellular pathogens - abnormal cells, such as cancer cells

Question 29

Helper T cells function

Answer 29

secret various souble protein messengers, called cytokines, that determine which immune response will be activated

Question 30

Cytokines info

Answer 30

- soluble regulatory proteins that act as intercellular signals when released form certain body cells - interleukins - interferon - growth factors - tumor necrosis factors - chemokines

Question 31

Major histocompatibility complex is

Answer 31

- group of atigens first identified in graft particles | - important in determing the compatibility of tissues successful grafting

Question 32

T-independent antigen is

Answer 32

- large antigen molecules with readily accessible repeating antigenic determinant - B cells can bind these directly without being processed

Question 33

T-dependent antigens

Answer 33

- b cells require involvement from helper t cells to target thses antigens - helper t cells are assisted by leukocytes that process the antigen to make the antigenic determinants more accessible

Question 34

Components of humoral immune response

Answer 34

- b cell activation and clonal selection | - memory b cells and the establishment of immunological memory

Question 35

Memory B cells are...

Answer 35

cell produced by b cell proliferation that do not secrete antibodies -are available to initiate antibody production if the same antigen is encounted again

Question 36

Cell-mediated immune response

Answer 36

-triggered when antigenic determinants of the pathogen are displayed of the host cell's surface

Question 37

2 artificial methods to make an individual immune to disease

Answer 37

- active immunization\ | - passive imunization

Question 38

active immunization is

Answer 38

administration of a vaccine so that the patient actively mounts a protective immune reponse

Question 39

Passive immunization is

Answer 39

individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed by an immune individual or animal

Question 40

3 types of vaccines

Answer 40

- attenuated (live) - killed - toxoid

Question 41

attentueated vaccines info

Answer 41

-use pathogens that are living but have reduced virulence so they don't cause disease

Question 42

inactivated vaccines info

Answer 42

-both types are safer than live vaccines since they cannon replicate or mutate to a virulent form

Question 43

toxoid vaccines infor

Answer 43

stimulate antibody mediated immunity

Question 44

problems associated with vaccination

Answer 44

- mild toxicity is the most common problem - anaphylactic shock - residual virulence

Question 45

numerous types of serologic tests

Answer 45

-precipitation test -agglutination neutralization -complement fixation test -various tagged antibody test

Question 46

Hypersensitivity is

Answer 46

any immune response against a foreign antigen that is exaggerated beyond the norm

Question 47

4 types of hypersensitivity

Answer 47

- Type 1 (immediate) - Type 2 (Cytotoxic) - Type 3 (immune-complex mediated) - Type 4 (delayed or cell-mediated)

Question 48

Type 1

Answer 48

commonly called allergies and the antigens that stimul