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Micro > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Autotroph

A

uses an inorganic carbon source for energy

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2
Q

Heterotoph

A

catabolizing reduced organic molecules (proteins, carbs, amino acids, fatty acids) for energy

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3
Q

Chemotroph

A

acquires energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals

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4
Q

Phototroph

A

uses light as their energy source

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5
Q

4 Basic groups of organisms

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotrophs
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6
Q

4 Toxic forms of oxygen

A
  • Singlet Oxygen
  • superoxide radicals
  • peroxide anion
  • hydroxyl radical
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7
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Singlet oxygen

A

molecular oxygen w/ electrons boosted to higher energy state; occurs during photosynthesis

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8
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Superoxide radical

A

form during incomplete reduction of oxygen in aerobic and anaerobic respiration; aerobes produce superoxide dismutase; anaerobes lack superoxide dismutase and die as a result of oxidizing reactions of superoxide radicals formed in presencecan of oxygen

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9
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Peroxide anion

A

formed during reactions catalyzed by superoxide dismutase; aerobes contain either catalase or peroxidase to detoxify peroxide anion; obligate anaerobes either lack both enzymes or have only a small amount of each

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10
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Hydroxyl radical

A

results from ionizing radiation and from incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide; most reactive of the four; not a threat to aerobes due to action of catalase and peroxidase

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11
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Aerobes

A

undergo aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Anaerobes

A

do not use aerobic metabolism

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13
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Facultative Anaerobes

A

can maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration or by aerobic respiration

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14
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not use aerobic metabolism but have some enzymes that detoxify oxygen’s poisonus forms

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15
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Microaerophiles

A

aerobes that require oxygen levels from 2-10% and have a limited ability to detoxify hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals

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16
Q

Nitrogen requirement facts

A

-the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia is essential; to life on earth because nitrogen is made available in a usable form; all cell recycle nitrogen from amino acids and nucleotides

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17
Q

other chemical requirement for microbial growth

A
  • phosphorus
  • sulfur structure
  • trace element
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18
Q

physical requirements for microbe growth

A
  • temp
  • pH
  • osmolarity
  • pressure
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19
Q

pH requirements for growth

A
  • bacteria and protozoa that grow best w/ ph 6.75-7.5 called neutrophils
  • other bacteria and fungi called acidophils; grow best in acidic habitats
  • alkalinophiles live in alkaline soils and water w/ pH 11.5
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20
Q

Barophils

A

organisms that live under extreme pressure

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21
Q

Culturing microorganisms

A

inoculum is introduced into medium (broth or solid)

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22
Q

obtaining Pure culture info

A

cultures composed of cells arising from a single progenitor; progenitor is termed a CFU

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23
Q

Two common isolation techiniques

A
  • streak plates

- pour plates

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24
Q

Six types of general culture media

A
  • defined media
  • complex media
  • selective media
  • differential media
  • anaerobic media
  • transport media
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25
Q

Generation time info

A

-exponential growth is very different from arithmetic growth; arithmetic grows faster

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26
Q

what happens during Lag phase?

A

adjust to new surrounding

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27
Q

log phase?

A

maximum growth rate given situation

28
Q

stationary phase?

A

nutrient depletion accumulation of wastes

29
Q

death phase?

A

cell die faster than they are produced

30
Q

Direct methods of measuring microbial growth

A
  • viable plate count
  • -membrane filtration
  • microscopic counts
  • electronic counters
  • most probable number
31
Q

Indirect methods

A
  • metabolic activity
  • dry weight
  • turbdity
32
Q

how prokaryotic cell reproduce

A

-all reproduce asexually
-use three methods
~binary fission
~snapping division
~reproductive structure formation

33
Q

different arrangements of prokaryotic cells

A

-cocci, bacilli, spirals, diplo, tetrads, strepto, staphylo, sarcinae, palisades, V-shapes

34
Q

endospores info

A
  • produced by gram-positive bacillus and clostridium
  • constitute a defensive strategy against hostile conditions
  • are not reproductive
  • can remain viable for thousands of years
35
Q

Three domains of prokaryotic classification

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukarya
36
Q

common features of Archaea

A
  • lack peptidoglycan
  • not known to cause disease
  • reproduced by binary fission, budding, fragmentation
37
Q

Extremophiles info

A

-prominent members are thermophiles (do not function below 45*C) and halophiles (need greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls)

38
Q

Methanogens info

A
  • convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids to methane gas
  • convert organic wastes in pond/ lakes
39
Q

Gram-Negative Proteobacteria

A

-largest and most diverse group of bacteria

40
Q

Five classes of gram-negative proteobacteria

A
  • alphaproteobacteria
  • betaproteobacteria
  • gammaproteobacteria
  • deltaproteobacteria
  • epsilonproteobacteria
41
Q

Eukaryote four major groups

A
  • protozoa
  • fungi
  • algea
  • water and slime molds
42
Q

Eukaryote reproduction

A
  • many reproduce sexually by forming gametes and zygotes

- algae, fungi reproduce sexually and asexually

43
Q

Three characteristics of protozoa groups

A
  • eukaryotic
  • unicellular
  • lack a cell wall
44
Q

protozoa morphology info

A
  • some have two nuclei

- nuclei all produce trophozoites and some produce cysts

45
Q

Macronucleus

A

contains many copies of genome–controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction

46
Q

Micronucleus

A

involved in genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regeneration of macronuclei

47
Q

Protozoa nutrition

A

-most are chemoheterotrophic

48
Q

protozoa reproduction

A

most reproduce asexually only

49
Q

Study of fungi called

A

mycology

50
Q

Fungi characteristics

A
  • is chemoheterotrophic
  • has cell walls composed of chitin
  • lack chloropyll
  • no photosynthesis
  • produces antibodies
  • can spoil fruit
  • 30% cause disease of plants animals humans
51
Q

Nutrition of fungi info

A
  • acquire nutrients by absorption
  • most are saprobes
  • haustoria allow some to derive nutrients form plant/animals
  • most are aerobic
52
Q

Pseudohypha

A

series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell

53
Q

Viruses info

A
  • cannot reproduce independently
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • classified primarily by type of genome
54
Q

Virus Characteristics

A
  • extracellular state called virion
  • protein coat (capsid) surround nucleic acid
  • nucleic acid and capsid also called nucleocapsid
55
Q

Genetic material of viruses

A
  • dna or rna; never both
  • can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA
  • may be linear and composed of several segments or single and circular
56
Q

hosts of viruses

A

-most only infect particular kinds of host cells

57
Q

Generalists

A

infect many kinds of cells in many different hosts

58
Q

capsomeres

A

capsid composed of proteinaceous subunits

59
Q

viral envelope

A

envelope’s proteins and glycoproteins and often play a role in host recognition

60
Q

Viral replication

A

-dependent of hosts organelles and enzymes to produce new virions

61
Q

stages of lytic replication cycle

A
  • attachment
  • entry
  • synthesis
  • assembly
  • release
62
Q

Attachment of animal viruses

A

have glycoprotein spikes or other attachment molecules that mediate attachment

63
Q

Assembly and release of animal viruses

A
  • most dna viruses assemble in and are released from nucleus into cytosol
  • most Rna viruses develop in cytoplasm
64
Q

latency of animal virsuses

A

-when animal viruses remain dormant in host cell; may be prolonged for years with no symptoms

65
Q

Characteristics of prions

A
  • proteinaceous infectious agents
  • composed of single protein PrP
  • all mammals contain gene that codes for primary sequence of amino acids
  • Prion PrP converts cellular PrP into prion PrP by inducing conformational change
66
Q

Prion disease characteristics

A
  • all involve fatal brain damage
  • large vacuoles form in brain
  • only destroyed by incineration or autoclaving

Micro (3 decks)

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