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Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Autotroph

A

uses an inorganic carbon source for energy

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2
Q

Heterotoph

A

catabolizing reduced organic molecules (proteins, carbs, amino acids, fatty acids) for energy

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3
Q

Chemotroph

A

acquires energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals

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4
Q

Phototroph

A

uses light as their energy source

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5
Q

4 Basic groups of organisms

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
  • chemoautotrophs
  • chemoheterotrophs
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6
Q

4 Toxic forms of oxygen

A
  • Singlet Oxygen
  • superoxide radicals
  • peroxide anion
  • hydroxyl radical
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7
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Singlet oxygen

A

molecular oxygen w/ electrons boosted to higher energy state; occurs during photosynthesis

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8
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Superoxide radical

A

form during incomplete reduction of oxygen in aerobic and anaerobic respiration; aerobes produce superoxide dismutase; anaerobes lack superoxide dismutase and die as a result of oxidizing reactions of superoxide radicals formed in presencecan of oxygen

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9
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Peroxide anion

A

formed during reactions catalyzed by superoxide dismutase; aerobes contain either catalase or peroxidase to detoxify peroxide anion; obligate anaerobes either lack both enzymes or have only a small amount of each

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10
Q

Toxic form of oxygen: Hydroxyl radical

A

results from ionizing radiation and from incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide; most reactive of the four; not a threat to aerobes due to action of catalase and peroxidase

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11
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Aerobes

A

undergo aerobic respiration

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12
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Anaerobes

A

do not use aerobic metabolism

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13
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Facultative Anaerobes

A

can maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration or by aerobic respiration

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14
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

do not use aerobic metabolism but have some enzymes that detoxify oxygen’s poisonus forms

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15
Q

Classification of organisms based on oxygen requirements: Microaerophiles

A

aerobes that require oxygen levels from 2-10% and have a limited ability to detoxify hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals

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16
Q

Nitrogen requirement facts

A

-the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia is essential; to life on earth because nitrogen is made available in a usable form; all cell recycle nitrogen from amino acids and nucleotides

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17
Q

other chemical requirement for microbial growth

A
  • phosphorus
  • sulfur structure
  • trace element
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18
Q

physical requirements for microbe growth

A
  • temp
  • pH
  • osmolarity
  • pressure
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19
Q

pH requirements for growth

A
  • bacteria and protozoa that grow best w/ ph 6.75-7.5 called neutrophils
  • other bacteria and fungi called acidophils; grow best in acidic habitats
  • alkalinophiles live in alkaline soils and water w/ pH 11.5
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20
Q

Barophils

A

organisms that live under extreme pressure

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21
Q

Culturing microorganisms

A

inoculum is introduced into medium (broth or solid)

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22
Q

obtaining Pure culture info

A

cultures composed of cells arising from a single progenitor; progenitor is termed a CFU

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23
Q

Two common isolation techiniques

A
  • streak plates

- pour plates

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24
Q

Six types of general culture media

A
  • defined media
  • complex media
  • selective media
  • differential media
  • anaerobic media
  • transport media
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25
Generation time info
-exponential growth is very different from arithmetic growth; arithmetic grows faster
26
what happens during Lag phase?
adjust to new surrounding
27
log phase?
maximum growth rate given situation
28
stationary phase?
nutrient depletion accumulation of wastes
29
death phase?
cell die faster than they are produced
30
Direct methods of measuring microbial growth
- viable plate count - -membrane filtration - microscopic counts - electronic counters - most probable number
31
Indirect methods
- metabolic activity - dry weight - turbdity
32
how prokaryotic cell reproduce
-all reproduce asexually -use three methods ~binary fission ~snapping division ~reproductive structure formation
33
different arrangements of prokaryotic cells
-cocci, bacilli, spirals, diplo, tetrads, strepto, staphylo, sarcinae, palisades, V-shapes
34
endospores info
- produced by gram-positive bacillus and clostridium - constitute a defensive strategy against hostile conditions - are not reproductive - can remain viable for thousands of years
35
Three domains of prokaryotic classification
- archaea - bacteria - eukarya
36
common features of Archaea
- lack peptidoglycan - not known to cause disease - reproduced by binary fission, budding, fragmentation
37
Extremophiles info
-prominent members are thermophiles (do not function below 45*C) and halophiles (need greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls)
38
Methanogens info
- convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids to methane gas - convert organic wastes in pond/ lakes
39
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria
-largest and most diverse group of bacteria
40
Five classes of gram-negative proteobacteria
- alphaproteobacteria - betaproteobacteria - gammaproteobacteria - deltaproteobacteria - epsilonproteobacteria
41
Eukaryote four major groups
- protozoa - fungi - algea - water and slime molds
42
Eukaryote reproduction
- many reproduce sexually by forming gametes and zygotes | - algae, fungi reproduce sexually and asexually
43
Three characteristics of protozoa groups
- eukaryotic - unicellular - lack a cell wall
44
protozoa morphology info
- some have two nuclei | - nuclei all produce trophozoites and some produce cysts
45
Macronucleus
contains many copies of genome--controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction
46
Micronucleus
involved in genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regeneration of macronuclei
47
Protozoa nutrition
-most are chemoheterotrophic
48
protozoa reproduction
most reproduce asexually only
49
Study of fungi called
mycology
50
Fungi characteristics
- is chemoheterotrophic - has cell walls composed of chitin - lack chloropyll - no photosynthesis - produces antibodies - can spoil fruit - 30% cause disease of plants animals humans
51
Nutrition of fungi info
- acquire nutrients by absorption - most are saprobes - haustoria allow some to derive nutrients form plant/animals - most are aerobic
52
Pseudohypha
series of buds that remain attached to one another and to parent cell
53
Viruses info
- cannot reproduce independently - obligate intracellular parasites - classified primarily by type of genome
54
Virus Characteristics
- extracellular state called virion - protein coat (capsid) surround nucleic acid - nucleic acid and capsid also called nucleocapsid
55
Genetic material of viruses
- dna or rna; never both - can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA - may be linear and composed of several segments or single and circular
56
hosts of viruses
-most only infect particular kinds of host cells
57
Generalists
infect many kinds of cells in many different hosts
58
capsomeres
capsid composed of proteinaceous subunits
59
viral envelope
envelope's proteins and glycoproteins and often play a role in host recognition
60
Viral replication
-dependent of hosts organelles and enzymes to produce new virions
61
stages of lytic replication cycle
- attachment - entry - synthesis - assembly - release
62
Attachment of animal viruses
have glycoprotein spikes or other attachment molecules that mediate attachment
63
Assembly and release of animal viruses
- most dna viruses assemble in and are released from nucleus into cytosol - most Rna viruses develop in cytoplasm
64
latency of animal virsuses
-when animal viruses remain dormant in host cell; may be prolonged for years with no symptoms
65
Characteristics of prions
- proteinaceous infectious agents - composed of single protein PrP - all mammals contain gene that codes for primary sequence of amino acids - Prion PrP converts cellular PrP into prion PrP by inducing conformational change
66
Prion disease characteristics
- all involve fatal brain damage - large vacuoles form in brain - only destroyed by incineration or autoclaving

Micro (3 decks)

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