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Micro #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterotrophs

A

From organic source

Such as glucose

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2
Q

Autotroph

A

Inorganic source

Like C02

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3
Q

An organism that grows in lower pH conditions is called

A

Acidophile

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4
Q

The phase of bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

A

Stationary growth phase: The population enters survival mode. The cells stop working or grow slowly. Rate of growth equals rate of death

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5
Q

Phototroph

A

Theirs source of energy is light

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6
Q

Chemotroph

A

Chemical compounds

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7
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and light energy to make their own food

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8
Q

Chemoautothrophs

A

Use carbon dioxide as carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy

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9
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism or organic compounds

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10
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use organic compounds for both energy and carbon

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11
Q

Saprobic Microorganism

A

Some bacteria and fungi hace rigid cell wall and cannot engulf large particles of food

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12
Q

Parasitic Microorganisms

A

Considered Pathogens

They can cause damage to the tissues and cause death

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13
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Live on the body

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14
Q

Endoparasites

A

Live in organs and tissues

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15
Q

Intracellular Parasites

A

Live within cells

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16
Q

Obligate Parasites

A

Unable to live outside of living host

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

Transport of nutrients in a gradient
From higher density to lower density concentration
Does not use ATP

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18
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules in a gradient

From higher density to lower density

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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20
Q

Facilitated difffusion

A

Utilizes carrier proteins

Will bind to a specific substance

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21
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solute concentration is lower than the cells internal environment

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22
Q

Hypertonic

A

Environment outside the cell had a slightly higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell
Osmotic pressure forces water to diffuse out of the cell

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23
Q

Active transport

A

Transport of nutrients agains the diffusion gradient

Could be same direction of gradient but faster

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24
Q

Group translocation

A

Molecule is moved across the membrane and simultaneously converted to a metabolically useful substance

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25
Q

Bulk transportation

A

Mass transport of large particles, cells and liquids bu engulfment and vesicle formation

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26
Q

Organisms that live on dead animals and plans and digest food by secreting enzymes are called________

1) Saprobes
2) Commensals
3) Parasites
4) Autotrophs

A

1)Saprobes

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27
Q

Which type of solution will result in water entering the cell?

1) Hypertonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Isotonic
4) All of the above

A

2)Hypotonic

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28
Q

Microorganisms that have a requirement for growth below 15 degrees celcius are called________

1) Mesophile
2) Psychrotrophs
3) Thermoduric
4) Psychrophiles

A

4)Psychrophiles

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29
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Oxygen is an absolute necessity for their survival and growth

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30
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen

Will die in presence of oxygen

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31
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Can survive with or without oxygen

Usually show higher growth in presence of oxygen

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32
Q

Aerotolerant aerobes

A

Anaerobes that do not use oxygen but can grow in it’s presence

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33
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Do not grow at atmospheric oxygen concentrations
They require small amounts of oxygen
They can only live in conditions where there is reduced oxygen concentration

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34
Q

Thioglycollate Broth

A

It’s a medium that absorbs some of the oxygen present
Creates an oxygen gradient
Aerobic at the top
Anaerobic at the bottom

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35
Q

Neutrophiles

A

Microorganisms that grow at neural pH

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36
Q

Alkalinophiles

A

Microorganisms that prefer to grow in an higher pH

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37
Q

Osmophiles

A

Microorganisms living in habitats with high solute concentration

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38
Q

Symbiosis

A

When two organisms live together in a close partnership

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39
Q

Mutualism

A

When organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship

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40
Q

Commensalism

A

The relationship benefits one member but not the other

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41
Q

Parasitism

A

The host provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitad
The parasite looks to multiply
Usually causes harm to the host

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42
Q

Association of symbiotic organisms

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

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43
Q

Association of Non-symbiotic organisms

A

Synergism

Antagonism

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44
Q

Synergism

A

Members cooperate and share nutrients

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45
Q

Antagonism

A

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

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46
Q

What is the most common method for microbial reproduction?

A

Binary fission

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47
Q

Lag phase

A

The start

There is no growth

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48
Q

Exponential growth phase

A

There is growth reaching peak

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49
Q

Stationary phase

A

The growth is equal to death

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50
Q

Death phase

A

Cell growth is less than death rate

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51
Q

Which phase of growth has limited nutrients and exponential death of cells?

A

Death phase

52
Q

Exist when organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship

A

Mutualism

53
Q

The time required by the bacteria to double

A

Generation time

54
Q

Newly inoculated cells require a period of adjustment

A

Lag phase

55
Q

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a_________

A

Photoautotroph

56
Q

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are transferred to acne water would______

A

Become dehydrated due to the loss of water

57
Q

The methanogens, produces of methane gas, require environments that_________

A

Are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO2

58
Q

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) ______.

A

Thermophile

59
Q

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the ______.

A

Exponential phase

60
Q

Use carbon dioxide as a carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy.

A

Chemoautotrophs

61
Q

Acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.

A

Photoheterotrophs

62
Q

Catabolism

A

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules

63
Q

Anabolism

A

The building of larger molecules from smaller molecules.

Catabolic activities produce energy in the form of ATP that can then be used in anabolic reactions.

64
Q

Can enzymes be regulated?

True
False

A

True

65
Q

What are enzymes composed of?

1) Fats
2) Sugars
2) Proteins
3) DNA
4) All of the above

A

2)Proteins

66
Q

What is the job of the enzymes?

A

Enzymes help reactions occur more quickly by lowering the amount of energy required for the reaction to occur

67
Q

Enzymes_________ the activation energy

1) Increase
2) Lower

A

2)Lower

68
Q

Factors affecting enzyme activity

A

Temperature - As temperature increases so the reaction rate
Concentration of catalyst - More enzymes increase reaction rate
Concentration of reactants
pH

69
Q

Which one of the following does NOT affect enzyme activity?

1) Temperature
2) Number of active sites
3) pH
4) Concentration of reactants

A

2)Number of actives sites

70
Q

What does holoenzyme mean?

A

Complete and functional enzyme

71
Q

What are holoenzymes made out of?

A

Apoenzymes
&
Any required coenzymes/cofactors

72
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Involved in oxidation/reduction reaction

E.g Lactate dehydrogenase & Oxidase
Substrates: Pyruvic acid & Molecular Oxygen
Catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Catalyzes the reduction of O2

73
Q

Transferases

A

Transfer functional groups

E.g. DNA polymerase
Substrate: DNA Nucleosides
Synthesizes a strand of DNA using the complementary strand as a model

74
Q

Hydrolases

A

Cleave bonds with the addition of water

E.g Penicillinace & Lactase
Substrate: Penicillin & Lactose
Hydrolyses beta-lactam ring
Breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose

75
Q

Lyases

A

Add or remove groups without the addition of water

76
Q

Isomerase

A

Change the isometric for

77
Q

Ligases

A

Form bonds with the addition of ATP and removal of water

78
Q

Exoenzyme

A

Enzyme outside the cell

79
Q

How are most enzymes produced?

A

Via gene transcription and translation

80
Q

Constitutive enzymes

A

Always present within a particular cell type

Present in relatively constant amounts

81
Q

Regulated Enzymes

A

These enzymes are turned ON or OFF depending on substrate concentration within the cell

82
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

A process in which the final product in the reaction will feedback to shit down the metabolic pathway

83
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

A molecule that mimics the shape of the substrate, binds to the active site and prevents the normal substrate from binding

84
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

A molecule will bind to a site on the enzyme that is outside of the active site
This binding causes the enzyme to change its 3D shape
So the active site is no longer functional
The original substrate is unable to bind to the enzyme

85
Q

When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product that acts as a regulatory molecule, this control is called ______.

A

Non-competitive inhibition

86
Q

The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______.

A

Anabolism

87
Q

A ______________ is an organic molecule needed to form a holoenzyme.

1) ATP
2) Coenzymes
3) Cofactors
4) Vitamins

A

2)Coenzymes

88
Q

The binding site for the substrate is the __________________.

A

Active site

89
Q

Increasing the amount of the enzyme will increase the ___________.

A

Reaction rate

90
Q

Binding of the substrate to the enzyme produces a/an _____________ complex.

A

Enzyme/substrate complex

91
Q

An __________________ will slow down or stop enzyme activity.

A

Inhibitor

92
Q

A _________________mimics the shape of the substrate.

A

Competitive inhibitor

93
Q

When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as a/an __________________.

A

Non-competitive

94
Q

Enzymes lower the __________________.

A

Activation energy

95
Q

__________is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism

A

Metabolism

96
Q

During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______.

1) Oxygen
2) Cytochrome C
3) Pyruvic Acid
4) Nítrate
5) FAD

A

1)Oxygen

97
Q

The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is___________

A

C6H12O6 [glucose] + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

98
Q

When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the usual net production of ATP?

A

2

99
Q

Fermentation

A

The incomplete oxidation of glucose

It is an inefficient way to produce ATP

100
Q

The Krebs cycle is important for the catabolism of the three macromolecules____________

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Fats

101
Q

In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ______.

A

Cell membrane

102
Q

The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins ______.

A

The Krebs cycle

103
Q

Oxygen reacts with hydrogen to produce ______________in the electron transport chain.

A

Water

104
Q

As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.

A

Hydrogen ions

105
Q

The reactions of fermentation function to produce _______ molecules for further use in glycolysis.

A

NAD+

106
Q

During anaerobic respiration a common final electron acceptor is _____.

A

NO3

107
Q

In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ______.

A

ADP

108
Q

who developed the gram stain?

A

Hans

109
Q

What color does gram positive stain?

A

Purple

110
Q

What color does gram negative stain?

A

Red/Pink

111
Q

Why does bacteria stain differently?

A

Because of their cell wall structure

Gram positive has a thicker wall so it retains the purple color after being washed with the iodine

Gram negative is not capable of retaining the color so it stains with the secondary dye

112
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Viruses are miniscule, acellular, infectious agents that use the host’s machinery for replication
  • Packaged in a protein called capsid
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
113
Q

Viroids

A

Non-cellular agents
Smaller than viruses
Are infectious RNA strands

114
Q

Prions

A

Non-cellular agents
Smaller than viruses
Are infectious Proteins

115
Q

Host cells of viruses include:

a) Humans & other Animals
b) Bacteria
c) Protozoa and Algae
d) Plants & Fungi
e) All of the choices are correct

A

e)All of the choices are correct

116
Q

Viruses are:

a)Acellular infectious agents
Have DNA or RNA as genetic material
b)All of the statements are correct
c)Can infect bacteria or eukaryotes
d)parasitic microorganisms
A

b)All the statements are correct

117
Q

What does virus in latin mean?

A

Poison

118
Q

Who identified the unique characteristics of viruses?

A

The unique characteristics of viruses were first identified by Ivanovski and Beijernick

119
Q

Extracellular virions

A
  • Have capsids (Nucleocapsids)

- Some have a phospholipid envelope

120
Q

Intracellular virions

A

The capsid is removed and the virus exists as nucleic acid

121
Q

Capsid

A
  • Provides protection

- Means of attachment to host cell

122
Q

What’s an enveloped virus?

A

Viruses with a phospholipid bilayer envelope

123
Q

Whats a naked virus?

A

These lack coverage like the envelopes

124
Q

Some viruses have virally coded __________ (spikes) that playa role in recognition and attachment to a host

A

Glycoproteins

125
Q

Bacteriophage

A

The type of virus that invades bacteria

126
Q

Mycophage

A

The type of virus that invades Fungal cells

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