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micro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is influenza?

A

single stranded RNA virus

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2
Q

What family is influenza from?

A

orthomyxoviridae

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3
Q

What genera cause influenza in vertebrates?

A

A - D

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4
Q

What genera of influenza infects humans?

A

A and B

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5
Q

What is influenza A responsible for?

A

pandemics

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6
Q

Is influenza A or B more common?

A

A

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7
Q

What does influenza B only infect?

A

humans

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8
Q

What does influenza C infect?

A

pigs and dogs

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9
Q

What does influenza D infect?

A

pigs and cattle

has potential to infect humans

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10
Q

4 parts of structure of influenza?

A

1) hemagglutinin
2) neuraminidase
3) M1 matrix protein
4) M2 ion channel

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11
Q

function of hemagglutinin

A

binds the flu virus to sialic acid on the target cell surface

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12
Q

function of neuraminidase

A

enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from glycoproteins, lets virus escape feom cells

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13
Q

function of M1 matrix protein

A

mediates encapsidation and has regulatory functions (forms capsid layer, protection)

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14
Q

function of M2 ion channel

A

maintains pH across viral envelope during cell entry and during viral maturation

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15
Q

In what influenza does antigenic shift happen?

A

influenza A

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16
Q

In what influenza does antigenic drift happen?

A

influenza A and B

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17
Q

What happens in antigenic shift?

A

sudden major changes occur

genes recombine

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18
Q

What happens in influenza antigenic shift?

A

genes recombine to produce a new virus subtype

responsible for pandemic flu types

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19
Q

What happens in antigenic shift in influenza ?

A

gradual accumulation of point mutations
induces small changes
responsible for seasonal epidemics
produces a new strain of virus

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20
Q

Antigenic shift or drift responsible for new seasonal flu strains?

A

antigenic drift

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21
Q

How flu strains are named?

A

virus type
geographical origin
strain no.
year of isolation

(hemagglutinin,
virus subtype,
neuraminidase)

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22
Q

What flu type was the 1918 Spanish flu?

A

H1N1

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23
Q

What flu type was the 1957 Asian flu?

A

H2N2

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24
Q

What flu type was the 1968/1969 Hong Kong flu?

A

H3N2

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25
What flu type was the 1997 Bird flu?
H5N1
26
What flu type was the 2009 Swine flu?
H1N1
27
What 2 flus had the same flu type
Spanish and Swine flu
28
Where and by what is MILD flu hemagglutinin cleaved in body?
proteases in throat and lungs confined to URT
29
Where and by what is HIGHLY VIRULENT flu hemagglutinin cleaved in body?
variety of proteases throughout the body
30
When does influenza A viral replication peak?
after 48hrs
31
How long is influenza A shedded for?
5 days
32
What does shedding mean?
the time when a person can be infectious for
33
What do infected cells produce?
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
34
What does influenza induce?
apoptosis
35
2 antivirals used in UK?
Zanamivir | Osletamivir
36
What do the 2 antivirals do?
neuraminidase inhibitors | stop viral liberation from cell surface
37
Which has emerging resistance?
Osletamivir
38
2 other antivirals?
Amantadine hydrochloride | Baloxavir marboxil
39
What does amantadine hydrochloride do?
blocks the M2 ion channel
40
Is amantadine hydrochloride recommended? Why/not?
no rapid resistance can occur during treatment 37% of viral strains are resistant to it
41
What does Baloxavir marboxil do?
inhibits influenza polymerase
42
strains in 2019 flu vaccine?
A/Brisbane/02 A/Kansas/14 B/Colorado/06 B/Phuket/3073
43
What vaccine is given to children 2-17?
live attenuated quadrivalent vaccine | nasal spray
44
What vaccine is given to adults 18-64?
quadrivalent injected vaccine | egg or cell grown
45
What vaccine is given to over 65s?
adjuvanted trivalent injected vaccine grown in eggs or quadrivalent injected vaccine cell grown
46
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
47
What does respiratory syncytial virus cause?
causes mild cold symptoms | can progress to bronchiolitis or pneumonia
48
What is respiratory syncytial virus?
enveloped RNA virus
49
What family does respiratory syncytial virus belong to?
Pneumoviridae family
50
How many gene segments does the respiratory syncytial virus have?
10 gene segments - 8 structural - 2 non-structural
51
How many gene segments does influenza have?
8
52
What interacts with the cell membrane in respiratory syncytial virus?
F (fusion) and G (attachment) lipoproteins
53
What do F and G lipoproteins do in respiratory syncytial virus?
interact with the cell membrane
54
How is respiratory syncytial virus divided into 2 antigenic subgroups?
based on reaction of F and G with monoclonal antibodies
55
drug licenced in UK for respiratory syncytial virus
Ribvarin
56
What does Ribavarin (antiviral) treat?
severe broncholitis in infants
57
What type of drug is Ribavarin?
prodrug - metabolised to be active
58
What does Ribavarin resemble?
purine RNA nucleotides
59
How does Ribavarin work?
interferes with replication of the virus
60
How many viral types associated with common cold?
> 200
61
What 2 virus types cause cold?
rhinovirus 30-80% | human coronavirus 15%
62
What does rhinovirus bind to?
ICAM-1 receptors | release inflammatory mediators
63
2 types of corona virus in 2002 and 2012 that caused severe respiratory infections?
2002 - SARS CoV | 2012 - MERS CoV
64
name for 2019 corona virus?
2019-nCoV

microbiology (4 decks)

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