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micro 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is influenza?

A

single stranded RNA virus

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2
Q

What family is influenza from?

A

orthomyxoviridae

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3
Q

What genera cause influenza in vertebrates?

A

A - D

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4
Q

What genera of influenza infects humans?

A

A and B

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5
Q

What is influenza A responsible for?

A

pandemics

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6
Q

Is influenza A or B more common?

A

A

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7
Q

What does influenza B only infect?

A

humans

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8
Q

What does influenza C infect?

A

pigs and dogs

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9
Q

What does influenza D infect?

A

pigs and cattle

has potential to infect humans

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10
Q

4 parts of structure of influenza?

A

1) hemagglutinin
2) neuraminidase
3) M1 matrix protein
4) M2 ion channel

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11
Q

function of hemagglutinin

A

binds the flu virus to sialic acid on the target cell surface

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12
Q

function of neuraminidase

A

enzyme that cleaves sialic acid from glycoproteins, lets virus escape feom cells

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13
Q

function of M1 matrix protein

A

mediates encapsidation and has regulatory functions (forms capsid layer, protection)

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14
Q

function of M2 ion channel

A

maintains pH across viral envelope during cell entry and during viral maturation

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15
Q

In what influenza does antigenic shift happen?

A

influenza A

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16
Q

In what influenza does antigenic drift happen?

A

influenza A and B

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17
Q

What happens in antigenic shift?

A

sudden major changes occur

genes recombine

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18
Q

What happens in influenza antigenic shift?

A

genes recombine to produce a new virus subtype

responsible for pandemic flu types

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19
Q

What happens in antigenic shift in influenza ?

A

gradual accumulation of point mutations
induces small changes
responsible for seasonal epidemics
produces a new strain of virus

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20
Q

Antigenic shift or drift responsible for new seasonal flu strains?

A

antigenic drift

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21
Q

How flu strains are named?

A

virus type
geographical origin
strain no.
year of isolation

(hemagglutinin,
virus subtype,
neuraminidase)

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22
Q

What flu type was the 1918 Spanish flu?

A

H1N1

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23
Q

What flu type was the 1957 Asian flu?

A

H2N2

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24
Q

What flu type was the 1968/1969 Hong Kong flu?

A

H3N2

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25
Q

What flu type was the 1997 Bird flu?

A

H5N1

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26
Q

What flu type was the 2009 Swine flu?

A

H1N1

27
Q

What 2 flus had the same flu type

A

Spanish and Swine flu

28
Q

Where and by what is MILD flu hemagglutinin cleaved in body?

A

proteases
in throat and lungs
confined to URT

29
Q

Where and by what is HIGHLY VIRULENT flu hemagglutinin cleaved in body?

A

variety of proteases throughout the body

30
Q

When does influenza A viral replication peak?

A

after 48hrs

31
Q

How long is influenza A shedded for?

A

5 days

32
Q

What does shedding mean?

A

the time when a person can be infectious for

33
Q

What do infected cells produce?

A

proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines

34
Q

What does influenza induce?

A

apoptosis

35
Q

2 antivirals used in UK?

A

Zanamivir

Osletamivir

36
Q

What do the 2 antivirals do?

A

neuraminidase inhibitors

stop viral liberation from cell surface

37
Q

Which has emerging resistance?

A

Osletamivir

38
Q

2 other antivirals?

A

Amantadine hydrochloride

Baloxavir marboxil

39
Q

What does amantadine hydrochloride do?

A

blocks the M2 ion channel

40
Q

Is amantadine hydrochloride recommended? Why/not?

A

no
rapid resistance can occur during treatment
37% of viral strains are resistant to it

41
Q

What does Baloxavir marboxil do?

A

inhibits influenza polymerase

42
Q

strains in 2019 flu vaccine?

A

A/Brisbane/02
A/Kansas/14
B/Colorado/06
B/Phuket/3073

43
Q

What vaccine is given to children 2-17?

A

live attenuated quadrivalent vaccine

nasal spray

44
Q

What vaccine is given to adults 18-64?

A

quadrivalent injected vaccine

egg or cell grown

45
Q

What vaccine is given to over 65s?

A

adjuvanted trivalent injected vaccine grown in eggs
or
quadrivalent injected vaccine cell grown

46
Q

RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus

47
Q

What does respiratory syncytial virus cause?

A

causes mild cold symptoms

can progress to bronchiolitis or pneumonia

48
Q

What is respiratory syncytial virus?

A

enveloped RNA virus

49
Q

What family does respiratory syncytial virus belong to?

A

Pneumoviridae family

50
Q

How many gene segments does the respiratory syncytial virus have?

A

10 gene segments

  • 8 structural
  • 2 non-structural
51
Q

How many gene segments does influenza have?

A

8

52
Q

What interacts with the cell membrane in respiratory syncytial virus?

A

F (fusion) and G (attachment) lipoproteins

53
Q

What do F and G lipoproteins do in respiratory syncytial virus?

A

interact with the cell membrane

54
Q

How is respiratory syncytial virus divided into 2 antigenic subgroups?

A

based on reaction of F and G with monoclonal antibodies

55
Q

drug licenced in UK for respiratory syncytial virus

A

Ribvarin

56
Q

What does Ribavarin (antiviral) treat?

A

severe broncholitis in infants

57
Q

What type of drug is Ribavarin?

A

prodrug - metabolised to be active

58
Q

What does Ribavarin resemble?

A

purine RNA nucleotides

59
Q

How does Ribavarin work?

A

interferes with replication of the virus

60
Q

How many viral types associated with common cold?

A

> 200

61
Q

What 2 virus types cause cold?

A

rhinovirus 30-80%

human coronavirus 15%

62
Q

What does rhinovirus bind to?

A

ICAM-1 receptors

release inflammatory mediators

63
Q

2 types of corona virus in 2002 and 2012 that caused severe respiratory infections?

A

2002 - SARS CoV

2012 - MERS CoV

64
Q

name for 2019 corona virus?

A

2019-nCoV

microbiology (4 decks)

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