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Phase 2a Ru > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

What is used to treat typical CAP Curb score 0-2

A

Amoxicillin

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2
Q

What is used to treat atypical CAP

A

Clarithromycin

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3
Q

What bacteria cause typical CAP

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenze

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4
Q

What bacteria cause atypical CAP

A

Legionella
Mycoplasma
S. Aureus
Chlamydophila pneumoniae

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5
Q

What is used to treat CAP curb score 3 to 5

A

Co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin

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6
Q

When is clarithromycin contraindicated and what do you give instead

A

Pregnancy; Erythromycin

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7
Q

Treatment for HAP

A

Co-Amoxiclav

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8
Q

Treatment for TB

A

RI6PE2
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyramizine
Ethambutol

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9
Q

What can be given in addition to RIPE in the treatment of TB

A

Pyridoxine to prevent Vit B6 deficency

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10
Q

What antibiotic to treat cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin
Vancomycin if MRSA

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11
Q

Treatment for UTI

A

Trimethoprim or Nitrofurantoin

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12
Q

Treatment for pyelonephritis

A

Cefalexin

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Doxycycline

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14
Q

Treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoea

A

IM ceftriaxone + azithromycin

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15
Q

Treatment for chlamydia if pregnant/ breastfeeding

A

Azithromycin

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16
Q

Treatment for syphilis

A

Benzylpenicillin

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17
Q

Treatment for Helicobacter pylori

A

Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin+ PPI (omeprazole)
7 days

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18
Q

What is the treatment for gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter

A

Clarythromycin

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19
Q

What is the treatment for gastroenteritis infected with salmonella/ shigella

A

Ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium difficile

A

Vancomycin

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21
Q

Treatment for infective endocarditis infected with staphylococcus aureus

A

Vancomycin + rifampicin

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22
Q

Treatment for infective endocarditis infected with Streptococcus viridans

A

Benzylpenicillin + gentamycin

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23
Q

Treatment for Meningitis in Hospital

A

3rd gen cephalosporin; Ceftriaxone

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24
Q

How do you treat meningitis if listeria is suspected

A

Amoxicillin + steroids

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25
Q

What are the rawlin Thompson adverse drug reactions

A

Augmented
Bizare
Chronic
Delayed
End of use

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26
Q

What should be done about all adverse drug reactions

A

Reported by MHRA yellow card scheme

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27
Q

What are the side effects of opioids

A

Addiction, constipation, N+V, respiratory distress/ depression

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28
Q

What is the treatment for opioid-induced respiratory depression and mechanisms of action

A

Naloxone; competitive opioid inhibitor

29
Q

2 examples of antiplatelet drug

A

Aspirin
Clopidogrel

30
Q

4 examples of anticoagulant drugs

A

Heparin
Warfarin
DOACs
Thrombdytics

31
Q

Mechanisms of action of aspirin

A

Cox1 inhibitor so decreases thromboxane A2 which activates platelets

32
Q

Mechinism of action of clopidogrel

A

P2Y12 receptor antagonist and Cytochrome P450 inhibitor

33
Q

Mechanism of action of Heparin

A

Activates antithrombin 3 and inhibits factor X

34
Q

Mechanism of action of Warfarin

A

Inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase

35
Q

Mechanism of action of DOAC

A

Either selectively inhibit thrombin (factor 2a) or activated factor 10

36
Q

Mechanism of action of thrombolytics

A

Convert plasminogen into plasmin to degrade fibrin

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs

A

Inhibits COX 1+2 to prevent prostaglandin production

38
Q

SE od NSAIDs and how is it caused

A

Peptic ulcer disease
Inhibits Cox 1 which decreases gastric mucosal protection and increases stomach pH

39
Q

SE of ACEi

A

Dry cough as bradykinin accumulation in the lungs
AKI as dilates afferent arteriole and decreases GFR

40
Q

SE of PPI

A

Prolonged use can increases fracture risk

41
Q

SE of loop diuretics and thiazides

A

Hypokalaemia and dehydration

42
Q

SE of spironolactone

A

Hyperkalemia

43
Q

Mechanism of action of furosemide

A

Loop diuretic inhibits NKCC2 channels in LOH so more Cl-, k+, Na+ and water excreted

44
Q

Mechanism of action of Bendroflumethiazide

A

Thiazides inhibit Na-Cl cotransporter in DCT so more Cl-, Na+ and water excreted

45
Q

Mechanisms of action for spironolactone

A

Aldosterone antagonist so inhibits ENaC channel to increase Na+ and water excretion and K+ retention

46
Q

Steroid SE

A

CUSHINGOID MAP
Cataracs
Ulcers
Striae
Hypertension
Infection risk
Necrosis of bone
Growth restriction
Osteoprorosis
Increased ICP
DMT2
Myopathy
Adipose hypertrophy
Pancreatitis

47
Q
A
47
Q

Example of dopamine agonist and when it might be used

A

Bromocriptine; Prolactinoma, acromegaly, Parkinson’s

48
Q

What is a GABA agonist and when can they be used

A

Benzodiazepines (lorazepam, diazepam)
Anxiety, sleep disorders, alcohol withdrawal, status epilepticus

49
Q

When are H1 antagonists used and give an example

A

Allergy; loratadine

50
Q

When are H2 receptor antagonists used and give an example

A

2nd line for GORD after PPI
Ranitidine

51
Q

Example of cardioselective beta blocker

A

Atenolol, Metoprolol

52
Q

Example of non-selective beta blocker

A

Propranolol
Labetalol

53
Q

What are the steps in the production of adrenaline

A

Tyrosine, DOPA, dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline

54
Q

What can overstimulation of Ach at NMJ cause

A

Cholinergic crisis
SLUDGE
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defection
GI distress
Emesis (vomiting)

55
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Anaphylaxis. IgE mediated
IgE binds to basophil/ mast cell which leads to degranulation and the releases of histamine

56
Q

What does the release of histamine cause

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability (H receptor)
Bronchoconstriction, facial flush, pruritis, swollen tongue + face

57
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Antigen-Antibody complex
IgG/IgM binds to antigen + activates complement at the site of A-A binding resulting in cellular damage

58
Q

Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Goodpastures, Pernicious anemia, rheumatic fever

59
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Immune complex deposition
IgG/IgA binds to antigen and activates the complement system at the site of A-A deposition

60
Q

What are examples of Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

SLE, post strep glomerulonephritis, IgA glomerulonephritis

61
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cell-mediated

62
Q

Examples of type 4 hypersensitivity

A

DMT1, TB, MS, Guillain barre, coeliac

63
Q

Time frames for each of the hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 1; Immediate
Type 2; Hours to days
Type 3; Hours, days or weeks
Type 4; 24 to 72 hours

64
Q

What is carcinogenesis

A

Transformation of a normal cell to a neoplastic one through a permanent mutation

65
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

Autonomous abnormal persistent new growth

66
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Resolution; normal
Supposition; pus formation
Organisation; Granulation tissue + fibrosis
Progression; Excessive recurrent inflammation, becomes chronic + fibrotic tissue

67
Q

Describe neutrophil action in getting to the site of acute inflammation

A

Margination; migrate to the edge of BV
Adhesion; Selectins bind neutrophils and cause rolling along BV margin
Emigration+ Diapedesis; Movement out of BV, through or in between endothelium and other inflammatory cells follow
Chemotaxis; to the site of inflamtion

68
Q

Describe the action of neutrophils at the site of acute inflammation

A

Phagocytosis, Phagolysosome + bacteria killing, Macrophages clear debris

Phase 2a Ru (10 decks)

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