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Phase 2a Ru > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

What is used to treat typical CAP Curb score 0-2

A

Amoxicillin

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2
Q

What is used to treat atypical CAP

A

Clarithromycin

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3
Q

What bacteria cause typical CAP

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenze

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4
Q

What bacteria cause atypical CAP

A

Legionella
Mycoplasma
S. Aureus
Chlamydophila pneumoniae

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5
Q

What is used to treat CAP curb score 3 to 5

A

Co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin

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6
Q

When is clarithromycin contraindicated and what do you give instead

A

Pregnancy; Erythromycin

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7
Q

Treatment for HAP

A

Co-Amoxiclav

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8
Q

Treatment for TB

A

RI6PE2
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyramizine
Ethambutol

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9
Q

What can be given in addition to RIPE in the treatment of TB

A

Pyridoxine to prevent Vit B6 deficency

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10
Q

What antibiotic to treat cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin
Vancomycin if MRSA

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11
Q

Treatment for UTI

A

Trimethoprim or Nitrofurantoin

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12
Q

Treatment for pyelonephritis

A

Cefalexin

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Doxycycline

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14
Q

Treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoea

A

IM ceftriaxone + azithromycin

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15
Q

Treatment for chlamydia if pregnant/ breastfeeding

A

Azithromycin

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16
Q

Treatment for syphilis

A

Benzylpenicillin

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17
Q

Treatment for Helicobacter pylori

A

Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin+ PPI (omeprazole)
7 days

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18
Q

What is the treatment for gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter

A

Clarythromycin

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19
Q

What is the treatment for gastroenteritis infected with salmonella/ shigella

A

Ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium difficile

A

Vancomycin

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21
Q

Treatment for infective endocarditis infected with staphylococcus aureus

A

Vancomycin + rifampicin

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22
Q

Treatment for infective endocarditis infected with Streptococcus viridans

A

Benzylpenicillin + gentamycin

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23
Q

Treatment for Meningitis in Hospital

A

3rd gen cephalosporin; Ceftriaxone

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24
Q

How do you treat meningitis if listeria is suspected

A

Amoxicillin + steroids

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25
What are the rawlin Thompson adverse drug reactions
Augmented Bizare Chronic Delayed End of use
26
What should be done about all adverse drug reactions
Reported by MHRA yellow card scheme
27
What are the side effects of opioids
Addiction, constipation, N+V, respiratory distress/ depression
28
What is the treatment for opioid-induced respiratory depression and mechanisms of action
Naloxone; competitive opioid inhibitor
29
2 examples of antiplatelet drug
Aspirin Clopidogrel
30
4 examples of anticoagulant drugs
Heparin Warfarin DOACs Thrombdytics
31
Mechanisms of action of aspirin
Cox1 inhibitor so decreases thromboxane A2 which activates platelets
32
Mechinism of action of clopidogrel
P2Y12 receptor antagonist and Cytochrome P450 inhibitor
33
Mechanism of action of Heparin
Activates antithrombin 3 and inhibits factor X
34
Mechanism of action of Warfarin
Inhibits Vitamin K epoxide reductase
35
Mechanism of action of DOAC
Either selectively inhibit thrombin (factor 2a) or activated factor 10
36
Mechanism of action of thrombolytics
Convert plasminogen into plasmin to degrade fibrin
37
What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs
Inhibits COX 1+2 to prevent prostaglandin production
38
SE od NSAIDs and how is it caused
Peptic ulcer disease Inhibits Cox 1 which decreases gastric mucosal protection and increases stomach pH
39
SE of ACEi
Dry cough as bradykinin accumulation in the lungs AKI as dilates afferent arteriole and decreases GFR
40
SE of PPI
Prolonged use can increases fracture risk
41
SE of loop diuretics and thiazides
Hypokalaemia and dehydration
42
SE of spironolactone
Hyperkalemia
43
Mechanism of action of furosemide
Loop diuretic inhibits NKCC2 channels in LOH so more Cl-, k+, Na+ and water excreted
44
Mechanism of action of Bendroflumethiazide
Thiazides inhibit Na-Cl cotransporter in DCT so more Cl-, Na+ and water excreted
45
Mechanisms of action for spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist so inhibits ENaC channel to increase Na+ and water excretion and K+ retention
46
Steroid SE
CUSHINGOID MAP Cataracs Ulcers Striae Hypertension Infection risk Necrosis of bone Growth restriction Osteoprorosis Increased ICP DMT2 Myopathy Adipose hypertrophy Pancreatitis
47
47
Example of dopamine agonist and when it might be used
Bromocriptine; Prolactinoma, acromegaly, Parkinson's
48
What is a GABA agonist and when can they be used
Benzodiazepines (lorazepam, diazepam) Anxiety, sleep disorders, alcohol withdrawal, status epilepticus
49
When are H1 antagonists used and give an example
Allergy; loratadine
50
When are H2 receptor antagonists used and give an example
2nd line for GORD after PPI Ranitidine
51
Example of cardioselective beta blocker
Atenolol, Metoprolol
52
Example of non-selective beta blocker
Propranolol Labetalol
53
What are the steps in the production of adrenaline
Tyrosine, DOPA, dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline
54
What can overstimulation of Ach at NMJ cause
Cholinergic crisis SLUDGE Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defection GI distress Emesis (vomiting)
55
What is a type 1 hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis. IgE mediated IgE binds to basophil/ mast cell which leads to degranulation and the releases of histamine
56
What does the release of histamine cause
Vasodilation and increased permeability (H receptor) Bronchoconstriction, facial flush, pruritis, swollen tongue + face
57
What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
Antigen-Antibody complex IgG/IgM binds to antigen + activates complement at the site of A-A binding resulting in cellular damage
58
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
Goodpastures, Pernicious anemia, rheumatic fever
59
What is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
Immune complex deposition IgG/IgA binds to antigen and activates the complement system at the site of A-A deposition
60
What are examples of Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
SLE, post strep glomerulonephritis, IgA glomerulonephritis
61
What is a type 4 hypersensitivity
T cell-mediated
62
Examples of type 4 hypersensitivity
DMT1, TB, MS, Guillain barre, coeliac
63
Time frames for each of the hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1; Immediate Type 2; Hours to days Type 3; Hours, days or weeks Type 4; 24 to 72 hours
64
What is carcinogenesis
Transformation of a normal cell to a neoplastic one through a permanent mutation
65
What is a neoplasm
Autonomous abnormal persistent new growth
66
What are the 4 outcomes of acute inflammation
Resolution; normal Supposition; pus formation Organisation; Granulation tissue + fibrosis Progression; Excessive recurrent inflammation, becomes chronic + fibrotic tissue
67
Describe neutrophil action in getting to the site of acute inflammation
Margination; migrate to the edge of BV Adhesion; Selectins bind neutrophils and cause rolling along BV margin Emigration+ Diapedesis; Movement out of BV, through or in between endothelium and other inflammatory cells follow Chemotaxis; to the site of inflamtion
68
Describe the action of neutrophils at the site of acute inflammation
Phagocytosis, Phagolysosome + bacteria killing, Macrophages clear debris

Phase 2a Ru (10 decks)

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