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Block 2 Week 3 > Micrcirculation and Intro to Edema > Flashcards

Micrcirculation and Intro to Edema Flashcards

1
Q

The blood remains in the capillaries for only (blank) seconds

A

1 to 3 seconds

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2
Q

Because the same volume of blood must flow through each segment of the circulation each minute, the velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to (blank).

A

vascular cross-sectional area.

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3
Q

Blood flow through the capillaries is regulated by contractions and relaxation of the (blank)

A

arterioles and the precapillary sphincters.

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4
Q

Contraction and relaxation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters is controlled by (blank).

A

local condtions of the tissues (concentrations of O2 and nutrients, end products of metabolism, H+, etc)

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5
Q

arterioles give rise to (blank) which give rise to capillaries.

A

metarterioles

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6
Q

Arteries, arterioles, and small venules have a lot of (blank)

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

There are scattered (blank) in the metarterioles, and the opening of the capillaries are guarded by muscular

A

smooth muscle cells

precapillary sphincters

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8
Q

most (blank) substances diffuse through capillary membrane along the intercellular cellular clefts.

A

water-soluble

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9
Q

Vesicle formation and diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the (blank) are other pathways for exchange.

A

endothelial cell

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10
Q

The wall of a true capillary is composed of a unicellular layer of (blank) and is surrounded by a (blank) on the outside.

A

endothelial cells, basement membrane

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11
Q

True capillaries do not have (blank)

A

smooth muscle

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12
Q

What is the total thickness of a capillary wall?

A

.5 micrometers

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13
Q

(blank) between the endothelial cells allow passage of water-soluble substances.

A

clefts(pores)

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14
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

fenestrated, sinusoidal, continuous

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15
Q

Capillaries in different parts of the body have different degrees of (blank)

A

leakiness

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16
Q

What is the most common form of capillary?

A

continous

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17
Q

Where do you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

pancreas, exocrine glands, kidney, intestine

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18
Q

Where do you find sinusoidal capillaries?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

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19
Q

Which type of capillary has a basememnt mebrane, intercellular junction and coated pits and uses vesicles?

A

continuous

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20
Q

As the blood flows along the lumen in the (BLANK) , tremendous numbers of water molecules and dissolved particles diffuse back and forth through the capillary wall.

A

capillary

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21
Q

What are the four different types of exchange across the capillary wall?

A

diffusion, bulk flow, vesicles, active transport

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22
Q

What molecules utilize diffusion in capillaries?

A

02, CO2, lipid-soluble substances, steroid hormones, anesthetics

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23
Q

What molecules utilize bulk flow in capillaries?

A

H20, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, (small molecules)

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24
Q

What molecules utilize vesicles in capillaries?

A

macromolecules i.e large water-soluble substances and some proteins

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25
Q

What molecules utilize active transport in capillaries?

A

ions, small molecules

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26
Q

By far, the most important means by which substances are transferred between the plasma and interstitial fluid is by (blank)

A

diffusion

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27
Q

(blank) is the movement of a molecule from high concentration to a low concentration

A

diffusion

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28
Q

Transfer of substances between the cells and the systemic capillary blood is in response to (blank)

A

diffusion gradients

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29
Q

Changes in pressure gradient (either hydrostatic or colloid osmotic) across a capillary alters (blank)

A

bulk flow

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30
Q

Glucose is typically transported across capillary wall via bulk flow but sometimes is transported how?

A

active transport

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31
Q

Bulk flow of water and dissolved substances out of the capillary through endothelial pores is in response to a (blank) gradient.

A

hydrostatic pressure

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32
Q

Hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary is always (blank) than the pressure of the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary.

A

greater

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33
Q

local changes in vascular resistance that may not alter systemic blood pressure produe local changes in (blank)

A

capillary blood pressure

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34
Q

The most important factor found thusfar to affect the degree of opening and closing of the metarterioles and precapillary sphincters is the concentration of (blank).

A

oxygen in the tissues

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35
Q

What happens during arteriolar constriction to the capillaries?

A

reduction in hydrostatic pressure in capillaries, so reabsoprtive forces will exceed filtration forces and net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the the vascular bed will occur.

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36
Q

What happens during arteriolar dialation to the capillaires?

A

hydrostatic pressure will increase in capillaries and so you will get net flow out of the capillaries into the tissue

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37
Q

(blank) pressure depends on the concentration of plasma proteins

A

colloid osmotic pressure

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38
Q

(blank) generate an osmotic pressure because water but not large protein molecules, crosses the capillary wall. Thus, water is drawn into the blood to dilute the protein.

A

blood proteins

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39
Q

Osmotic pressure is bring water (blank) and hydrostatic is bringing water (blank)

A

in

out

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40
Q

Large proteins such as (blank) are present in blood but not in the spaces around the cells in the body (interstitial space).

A

albumin

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41
Q

(blanK) are osmotic particles that produce an osmotic pressure.

A

blood proteins

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42
Q

The osmotic (oncotic) pressure generated by the blood proteins is opposed by the capillary blood (blank).

A

(hydrostatic) pressure

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43
Q

what kind of flow does hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure participate in?

A

bulk flow

44
Q

Over the length of a typical capillary in the body, the blood pressure (blanks) to what numbers?

A

declines from 35 to 15 mm Hg due to resistance of the capillaries

45
Q

The osmotic pressure due to blood proteins is app. (blank) .

A

25 mm Hg

46
Q

Assuming osmotic pressure remains constant along the length of the capillary, blood pressure at the (blank) end of the capillary is greater than the osmotic pressure, while at the venous end it is less.

A

arterial end

47
Q

At the arterial end of the capillary, the balance between the blood pressure and osmotic pressure favors the movement of water (blank) of the capillary; at the venous end it favors movement of water (blank) the capillary.

A

out

into

48
Q

What are the two exceptions to the classical principle that arterial ends of capillairs typically have water going out and the venule end of water moving in?

A

kidney and lung

49
Q

In the kidney what is the net movement of water?

A

continuous filtration (water moves out of capillary)

50
Q

In the lung what is the net movement of water?

A

Continuous reabsorption (water into capillary)

51
Q

What is the starling equation?

A

fluid movement=hydraulic conductance X [(capilliary hydrostatic pressure-capillary oncotic pressure) -(intersitial hydrostatic pressure-intersitial oncotic pressure)]

52
Q

What does the starling equation explain?

A

how hydrostatic and oncotic pressure deteremines fluid movement (net driving force)

53
Q

(blank) cause movement of water across the capillary wall.

A

hydrostatic and osmotic

54
Q

When you see the word oncotic what do you think?

the word hydrostatic?

A

into

out of

55
Q

Increased blood volume is one way to “correct” (blank) pressure

A

low arterial blood pressure

56
Q

Increase in capillary blood pressure increases (blank)

A

filtration

57
Q

decrease in capillary blood pressure increases (blank)

A

reabsorption

58
Q

filtration is the same thing as (blank).

Reabsorption is the same thing as (blank).

A

water out of capillary

water into the capillary

59
Q

(blank) through its effect on capillary blood pressure alters transcapillary water movement.

A

vascular resistance

60
Q

Can systemic arterial blood pressure change transcapillary water movement?

A

yes

61
Q

If everything else is unchanged, an increase in systemic arterial or venous pressures will increase (blank) and decrease reabsorption because of the increase in capillary blood pressure.

A

capillary filtration

62
Q

If everything else is unchanged, a decrease in systemic arterial or venous pressure will increase (blank) and decrease capillary filtration.

A

reabsorption

63
Q

if you have increased venous or arterial pressure is directly proportional to what?

A

capillary pressure

64
Q

High capillary pressure means increased (blank)

A

filtration

65
Q

Low capillary pressure means increased (blank)

A

reabsorption

66
Q

You will get filtration when your (blank) is greater than zero,
You will get reabsorption when your (blank) is less than zero.

A

fluid movement.

67
Q 
What will these cause:
Arteriolar dilation
Venous constriction
Increased venous pressure
Heart failure
Extracellular volume expansion
Standing
A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

68
Q 
What will these cause:
Hypoalbuminemia
Severe liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome 
Protein malnutrition
A

decreased capillary oncotic pressure

69
Q

What will these cause:

Burn, Trauma, Sepsis, Allergic reactions, Inflammation

A

Increased hydraulic conductance

70
Q

Why do african children have swollen bellies

A

You need to have salt and protein in your blood to hold fluid in the blood vessels. With low protein levels (low oncotic pressure), the blood can’t hold fluid in the vessels and so it leaks out as edema. This collects in the abdomen as ascities

71
Q

reabsorption plus lymph flow equals what?

A

filtration

72
Q

Where does the fluid lost in filtration go?

A

into lymph flow

73
Q

The (blank) represents a second circulation, parallel to the blood vasculature,

A

lymphatic vasculature

74
Q

In most vascularized tissues, the (blank) is critical to both hydrostatic and homeostatic maintenance

A

lymphatic system

75
Q

The (blank) accounts for the clearance of interstitial fluid (ISF) with its constituent proteins and other solutes not absorbed across postcapillary venules.

A

lymph circulation

76
Q

(blank) are the “safety valve” that normally balances out any net differences between the oncotic and hydrostatic pressure.

A

Lymphatic vessels

77
Q

The lymphatic capillaries are extremely thin-walled, freely permeable to (blank) (large gaps), and they readily admit water through junctions that may act as one-way flap vales.

A

proteins and small particles

78
Q

Lympathic capillaries are held open by radiating (blank) anchored to the surrounding fibrous matrix

A

fibrils

79
Q

The walls of collecting lympathics have (blank)

A

smooth muscle cells

80
Q

Lymph is propelled back to the general circulation in a manner reminiscent of the muscular pump for (blank) .

A

venous return

81
Q

What is the fundamental process that removes excess water and plasma proteins from the interstitial spaces?

A

contraction-relaxation cycle of lymph bulbs

82
Q

Lymphatic pressures along the lymphatic vasculature are generated by (blank) .

A

lymphatic vessel contraction and organ movements

83
Q

What are the factors affecting lympathic return?

A

Peristaltic contractions
One way valves
Movement of skeletal muscles
Respiratory diaphragm (decreases intrapleural pressures)

84
Q

Under normal conditions, tissue pressure is slightly (blank)

A

negative

85
Q

An increase in interstitial water volume can cause interstitial pressure to be (blank).

A

positive

86
Q

If the interstitial tissue volume exceeds the ‘safe range’ what will happen?

A

high hydrostatic pressure will exist and edema will be present

87
Q

Dehydration of intersitial tissue can cause very (blank) hydrostatic pressure.

A

negative

88
Q

would lympathic obstruction cause edema?

A

yes

89
Q

Does the lymphatic system support interstitial solute and fluid clearance from the brain?

A

yes

90
Q

There is a (blank) between the systemic circulation and the brain circulation

A

barrier

91
Q

Most water-soluble substances diffuse through the capillary membrane along the (blank).

A

intercellular clefts

92
Q

The movement of large molecules and highly charged ions from the blood into the brain and spinal cord is severely (blank).

A

restricted

93
Q

Brain capillaries are not (blank) and have reduced transcytosis.

A

leaky

94
Q

Brain capillaries are not leaky and have reduced (blank)

A

transcytosis

95
Q

Endothelial cells in the brain sit on a (blank) basal lamina.

A

thick!

96
Q

Brain capillaries have what differences to nonbrain capillaries?

A

brain capillaries have astrocytic endfoot processes and tight junctions and reduced transcytosis

97
Q

For most substances, ease of passage is determined largely by (blank)(solid points).

A

lipid solubility

98
Q

Certain molecules needed for brain metabolism, cross the barrier more readily than their lipid solubility alone would suggest. Such compounds (d-glucose, L-DOPA, phenylalanine) , why?

A

because of specialized transport systems that help out

99
Q

What is the chemical property that has the greatest effect on a sbstances capacity to pierce the blood brain barrier?

A

lipid solubility

100
Q

The greater the lipid solubility the (blank) it passes across the BBB.

A

easier i.e high extraction

101
Q

A complex system of (blank) enables the brain capillaries to control movement into and out of the tissues.

A

transporters

102
Q

Some transporters merely facilitate osmotic diffusion while others are “active” mechanisms requiring a source of (blank)

A

energy

103
Q

(blank) consists of enzymatic steps by which compounds are modified in the endothelium and rendered unable to enter the brain.

A

“Metabolic” BBB

104
Q

What is an example of a molecule that undergoes metabolic BBB and this is controlled by the brain barrier?

A

L-dopa

105
Q

The (blank) tends to break down in areas of infection or injury. It is important in the treatment of what disease?

A

BBB

parkinsons

106
Q

The BBB can be temporarily disrupted by sudden marked increases in (blank) or by IV injection of hypertonic fluids.

A

blood pressure

107
Q

In the development of (blank), new blood vessels, no tight junctions, the lack of a barrier helps in identifying the location of tumors.

A

tumors

Block 2 Week 3 (9 decks)

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