Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICR221 Lectures 1-38 > MICR221 Lecture 7 - The Balance Of Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions > Flashcards

MICR221 Lecture 7 - The Balance Of Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 sources do bacteria require to grow?

A

an energy source and a carbon source provided from either a different or the same molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the energy source for bacterial growth come from?

A

comes from catabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

the breaking down of molecules into building blocks (monomers)
-break down of high energy molecules to release energy or directly power other reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

building up of molecules into cellular structures (polymers)
-assembly of cell macromolecules driven by cellular energy supplies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does the carbon source for bacterial growth come from?

A

comes from 12 precursor metabolites that are made from several catabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do photoautotrophs make their own energy?

A

make their own energy using light and CO2 via photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do chemoheterotrophs derive their energy?

A

derives its energy from chemicals and needs to consume other organisms for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what requires the largest energy investment of a cells total energy in terms of synthesis?

A

to make new cells new polymers and new monomers need to be created and this is a huge energy investment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy is required to synthesise new polymers and monomers?

A

95% of the total energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy to synthesise new polymers and monomers is required to synthesise proteins?

A

over 50% of the 95% of the total energy needed to synthesise new polymers and monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy to synthesise new polymers and monomers is required to synthesise lipids?

A

approx. 20% of the 95% of the total energy needed to synthesise new polymers and monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy to synthesise new polymers and monomers is required to synthesise RNA?

A

approx. 13% of the 95% of the total energy needed to synthesise new polymers and monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy to synthesise new polymers and monomers is required to synthesise DNA?

A

approx. 2% of the 95% of the total energy needed to synthesise new polymers and monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy is required to assemble into polymers?

A

5% of the total energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what percentage of the cells total energy to assemble into polymers is required for proteins?

A

over 90% of the 5% of the total energy needed to assemble into polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what 2 sources are required for monomer synthesis?

A

the nutrients of nitrogen and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what must exisiting macromolecules make for replacement and repair during persistence?

A

proteins that repair DNA
proteins that stabilise RNA
a proton or sodium motive force (PMF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a proton motive force (PMF)?

A

an electrochemical gradient where energy is stored in a buildup of H+ and other ions in the periplasm. This drives many transporters to uptake carbon/energy sources. PMF is required for high efficiency ATP synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the relationship between bacteria using Na+ ions and protons in a PMF?

A

some bacteria in a PMF use Na+ ions instead of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what systems do bacteria undertake for long-term survivial?

A

new cells continue to be made and metabolism is regulated to replace/repair all macromolecules. All persisters are metabolically active and primed for regrowth. Bacteria in energy-limited environments slow total growth and the relative ratio of energy production vs consumption is unchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what determines the balance between catabolism and anabolism?

A

determined by environmental conditions

e.g the energy in vs energy out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is ATP?

A

an energy rich molecule that creates from phosphate hydrolysis to power other reactions through covalent reactions/intermediates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is ATP produced by?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is NADH?

A

an electron rich molecule that powers oxidative phosphorylation and many central metabolic reactions

25
Q

when is NADH produced?

A

produced during central carbon metabolism

26
Q

what is NADPH?

A

the phosphorylated form of NADH that powers reduction reactions that form polymers

27
Q

what is NADPH enzymatically produced from?

A

enzymatically produced from NAD+ or NADH

28
Q

what is the relationship between NADH and NADPH?

A

both NADH and NADPH are reversible redox cofactors that allow for easy backwards rerouting of certain reactions compared to ATP

29
Q

what is the function of phosphorylation?

A

used to create 2 seperate redox pools that are maintained at different ratios by the enzymes NAD kinase which phosphorylates and NADP phosphatase that reverses

30
Q

what are the 2 enzymes that maintain the different ratios of the 2 seperate redox pools from phosphorylation?

A

NAD kinase

NADP phosphatase

31
Q

what is the function of NAD kinase?

A

to phosphorylate

32
Q

what is the function of NADP phosphatase?

A

to reverse

33
Q

what does it mean if there is a higher ratio of NAD+ (NAD+/NADPH)?

A

catabolism is promoted

34
Q

what does it mean if there is a lower ratio of NADPH (NADPH/NAD+)?

A

anabolism is promoted

35
Q

what is redox balance?

A

the balance of the anabolism/catabolism ratios

36
Q

what molecule is a reducing power equivalent?

A

NAD (P) H

37
Q

what are transporters?

A

integral transmembrane proteins that can either be importers, exporters or reversable

38
Q

what are importer transporters?

A

transporters involved in nutrient uptake

39
Q

what are exporter transporters?

A

transporters involved in drug efflux

40
Q

what are the 2 forms of transport?

A

active transport

passive transport

41
Q

what is active transport?

A

when an energy source is used to rapidly accumulate molecules against a concentration gradient

42
Q

what is primary active transport?

A

when ATP or an equivalent is hydrolysed for energy

43
Q

what is secondary active transport?

A

when co-transport of another molecule provides the energy source

44
Q

what is passive transport?

A

when molecules diffuse according to their concentration gradient

45
Q

what are the 3 classes of bacterial transporters?

A

ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily
major facilitator superfamily (MFS)
group translocation –> e.g phosphotransferase system (PTS)

46
Q

what are the advantages of active transport?

A

high affinity makes it more competitive for the scarce low concentration resources, allows for the rapid response to environmental fluctuations and allows cells to accumulate against a concentration gradient keeping the intracellular enzymes saturated with substrate

47
Q

what are the disadvantage of active transport?

A

has a large energy cost and requires more complex proteins

48
Q

what is the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily transporter composed of?

A

it is a multi-subunit with 7 different subtypes existing with varying transport mechanisms

49
Q

what is the function of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily transporter?

A

performs primary active transport using ATP as the energy source that can function as both an importer or exporter

50
Q

what is the function of the major facilitation superfamily (MFS)?

A

performs facilitated diffusion of ions/solutes that do not otherwise cross the cell membrane either through passive or secondary active (co-transport) transport that is powered by concentration gradients

51
Q

what is a uniport?

A

a membrane transport protein that transports a single species of substrate across a cell membrane

52
Q

what is a uniport in terms of the major facilitation superfamily (MFS)?

A

the uniport is passive for MFS and is driven by the concentration gradient of the main solute

53
Q

what is an antiport?

A

a co-transporter and intergral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport

54
Q

what is an antiport in terms of powering bacterial growth?

A

an antiport is active, and the concentration gradient of another molecule moving in the opposite direction is used

55
Q

what is a symport?

A

an intergral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of 2 different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction

56
Q

what is a symport in terms of powering bacterial growth?

A

a symport is active and the concentration gradient of another molecule moving in the same direction is used

57
Q

what is another name for group translocation?

A

phosphotransferase system

58
Q

what is group translocation?

A

the cascade of phosphate transfer used to trap substrates in a cell from energy provided from phosphate to power transport

59
Q

what is the relationship between the substrate used in group translocation and transport?

A

the substrate is modified during transport creating its own class of active transport (not primary or secondary transport)

MICR221 Lectures 1-38 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions