Mgration topic whole thing Flashcards
Reasons for Migration
Economic (jobs, wages), Social (family, better quality of life), Political (war, persecution), Environmental (climate, natural disasters)
Push and Pull Factors
Push: war, poverty, persecution; Pull: jobs, safety, better living conditions
Anglo-Saxon Migration (400-1066)
Angles, Saxons, Jutes from Germany, Denmark migrated after Roman withdrawal
Viking Migration (8th-11th Century)
Raids led to settlement in Danelaw (North & East England) and mixed with local populations
Norman Migration (1066)
William the Conqueror’s invasion led to French nobles settling and the introduction of the Feudal System
Jewish Migration (1066-1290)
Invited by Normans for finance skills; expelled in 1290 by Edward I
Flemish and Dutch Migration (14th-16th Century)
Skilled weavers who helped England’s cloth industry
Huguenots (16th-17th Century)
French Protestants fleeing Catholic persecution brought skilled crafts & business growth
Palatine Germans (1709)
Fled war and hardship and settled in England and America
Irish Migration (19th Century)
Caused by the potato famine (1845-1852); worked in factories & construction
Italian Migration (19th Century)
Came as craftsmen, street traders & ice cream sellers
Chinese Migration (19th Century)
Arrived after Opium Wars and settled in port cities
Eastern European Jews (1880s-1914)
Fled Russian pogroms and worked in tailoring and trade
German and Italian Migration (19th-20th Century)
Settled as shopkeepers, bakers, and professionals
Empire & Commonwealth Migration (1948-1970s)
Windrush Generation from Caribbean, South Asia, and Africa helped rebuild Britain after WWII
Windrush Generation (1948-1971)
Encouraged by British government but faced racism and discrimination
Asian Migration (1970s)
Ugandan Asians expelled by Idi Amin, many settled in Leicester and London
Polish Migration (2004+)
Occurred after EU expansion with large numbers working in construction and hospitality
Migration Laws – Aliens Act (1905)
Restricted ‘undesirable’ immigrants
British Nationality Act (1948)
Gave Commonwealth citizens UK citizenship
Immigration Act (1962, 1971, 1981)
Limited migration from Commonwealth nations
Race Relations Act (1965, 1968, 1976)
Banned racial discrimination
Brexit and Migration (2016-Present)
UK left EU leading to new immigration rules
Impact of Migration on Industry
Provided labour for factories, railways, and NHS
Impact of Migration on Culture
Food, fashion, and music influenced by migrants
Migration and Resistance
Anti-immigration riots (e.g. Notting Hill 1958) and National Front protests in 1970s
Migration and Acceptance
Multicultural Britain today; migration contributed to economy and society
Medieval Migrants
Included Jews, Flemish weavers, and Normans
Industrial Revolution Migration
Irish, Italians, Germans moved for jobs in factories
WWI and Migration
Belgian refugees welcomed while there was hostility to German migrants
WWII and Migration
Included Jewish refugees from Nazis and Commonwealth soldiers and workers
Post-War Labour Shortages
Encouraged Windrush and European workers
Partition of India (1947)
Led to South Asian migration to Britain
Refugees and Asylum Seekers
From Syria, Afghanistan, and Ukraine in recent years
Migration and the NHS
Many Caribbean and South Asian workers in NHS
Migration in the 21st Century
Includes the Syrian refugee crisis (2011+) and Brexit impact on migration
Migrants’ Contribution to Society
Contributions in science, healthcare, arts, and business
Challenges Faced by Migrants
Include discrimination, language barriers, and low pay
Government Responses to Migration
Changing laws, visa systems, and integration policies
Modern Debates on Migration
Economic benefits versus concerns about resources
