mgp cc - history Flashcards
Question,Answer
- What was the British response to the newly established INC?
• There were very few Britishers who wanted to work in close coordination with Indians and genuinely solve the problems of Indians. • Initially, the INC was composed of mostly Moderates • The initial attitude of Britishers towards the INC was of indifference - calling it a ‘microscopic minority’.”
- How did the Britishers applied the Divide and Rule Policy to deepen differences between moderates and extremists?
• Gradually, the membership of INC kept on increasing – even the Extremists entered the Assembly as representatives. • Moderates and extremists became the two most powerful sections of INC. • This led to hostilities being reflected in the British attitude. They started engaging with INC as a part of their Divide and Rule Policy. • Divide and Rule Policy = appeasement to the Moderates and negation to the Extremists. This would create a divide among the Indians. • With 4th – 5th session of INC, the British administration started engaging with the aim to break the unity in INC.”
- What were the major differences between the Moderates and Extremists?
Moderates Extremists Support Base • Only a small section including elite educated class • Mass base – mostly were Arya Samajists. Approach • Admired the British political institutions and sense of justice. • They were staunch Nationalists. Attitude towards Britisher • Due to gap in communication and lack of collective voice from Indians Britishers are not able to solve the problem of Indians. • They called for India for Indians. Methods and Techniques: • ‘Constitutional struggle’ • Believed in P4: Prayer, Petition, Persuasion and Philanthropy. • Believed in ‘Passive resistance’. • Criticised the Moderate methods as ‘Political Mendicancy’ and ‘Mai Baap policy’ - begging attitude. Objective • Self-government (persuasion to be with the Britishers) • Swaraj (demand as a matter of right)”
- What was the doctrine of Passive resistance?
- Aurobindo Ghosh was the father of ‘Passive Resistance’. In his book ‘New Lamps For Old’, he explained the Doctrine of Passive Resistance. 2. Passive resistance = activities, like boycotts, to keep a check on the government without any direct harm to life and property. 3. In his other work named ‘Savitri’, he explained religious and emotional nationalism (Mother Land – Maa Maati Manus) through poetry. 4. Revolutionaries transformed the Extremists’ policy of Passive Resistance into Active Resistance. Active Resistance was aimed at causing direct harm to the life and property of the enemy, risking one’s own life.”
- What was the political philosophy of Aurobindo and how his political journey ended?
- For him, ‘Political freedom is a life-breath of any nation’ => Free Constitution must be there to provide for popular government => to rival Autocracy and fulfil the democratic needs and aspirations of the people. 2. Barindra ghosh, younger brother of Aurobindo Ghosh, was a revolutionary. He conducted a raid on Arms Depo at Alipore, West Bengal. 3. Aurobindo Ghosh was caught and jailed with Barindra Ghosh under the Alipore conspiracy case. 4. Barindra Ghosh was given the life imprisonment. Aurobindo Ghosh, on the other hand, was defended by C.R. Das and was eventually acquitted of all charges. 5. After the case, Aurobindo retired from active politics and settled in Puducherry. He breathed last as a philosopher saint in Aurobindo Ashram.”
- What were the factors that led to the rise of extremism?
- Three are various international and internal factors: 2. International factors: a. Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1897; Japan defeated Russia in 1905. b. The defeat of Europeans at the hands of African and Asian nations broke the invincibility of the might of west. c. This encouraged and emboldened the spirit of Indians. 3. Internal factors: a. Entry of Arya Samajists in INC – inspired by ‘Cultural Nationalism’ => they raised the slogans of Swaraj, Swadeshi and India for Indians. b. Internal politics of Bombay had a deep impact on the rise of extremism. The tension between Gokhale and Tilak started reflecting in INC. c. India Council Act 1892: further generated rift between moderates and extremists as Britishers slowly started accepting the demands. Extremists were disgruntled by the satisfaction of Moderates. The act provided for: i. 1st time the word ‘elections’ was used - indirect elections was introduced for Provincial and Central Legislature. ii. Discussion over budget was allowed - without any vote and supplementary questions.”
- What was the role of East India Company (EIC) in development of education system in India?
- When EIC came to power in India, a debate regarding the education system in India was started. 2. EIC and it’s servants, however, were not interested in interfering in social, cultural and linguistic domains - to secure it’s position in India by avoiding any protest from the people of diverse culture. 3. Thus, for over 50-60 years company continued to rule without any educational policy in India.”
- How Britishers selectively established educational institutes for their own benefit?
- Subsequently, individual efforts were made – Warren Hastings established Calcutta madrasa to understand and interpret Muslim law based criminal system. 2. Jonathan Duncan established Sanskrit College at Banaras – to understand Indian cultural system. 3. By establishing Asiatic society of Bengal, in 1784, large scale translation of ancient and mediaeval Indian texts – to understand various dimensions of Indian culture.”
- What was the progress made to promote education post 1800?
- Three base agents of educational system in India developed after 1800 were: a. EIC officials b. Christian missionaries c. Indian Intellectuals 2. After 1800, due to the efforts of Charles grant, an educational policy was started in India. Thus, he is called the ‘Father of Modern Education in India’. 3. This led to Charter Act of 1813 – a landmark in the history of education system in India. Under it, ₹1 lakh budget was to be allocated for the development of education system in India.”
- What was the ANGLICIST vs ORIENTALIST debate?
- The biggest debate regarding education system was surrounded around the medium of instruction in India – ANGLICIST vs ORIENTALIST. 2. Anglicist – favoured ENGLISH medium to promote English way of life and western temperament in India. E.g. Lord William Bentick, Lord Macaulay etc. 3. Orientalist – favoured Vernacular medium as Indians would not easily accept English and thus, derailing the whole purpose of education. E.g. Lord Hastings, James Princep etc. 4. This debate led to a deadlock and the progress of the education was stagnated. Even the funds allocated for education could not be utilised.”
- What was the role of Lord Macaulay?
- Finally, the debate was taken to higher level – in 1835, Lord William Bentick (Anglicist) appointed Lord Macaulay as the chairman of the General committee on Public Instruction. 2. Lord Macaulay, being a strong Anglicist, had the nostalgia of western sciences and literature. He opined – one book of English literature was more than the entire literature of India and Arabia put together. 3. For him – entire learning system in India is unholy and defective. He envisaged creating a class of persons called ‘Brown English Men’ - Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. 4. This class would penetrate English way of life and perpetuate British rule in India. 5. Macaulay’s narrow perspective was bound to harm the continuity of Indian culture and would stem the British linguistic system in India. This was seen as an imposition of western values on Indian culture”
- What was Macaulay Minute and Downward Filtration theory?
- Lord Macaulay presented a Minute – came to be known as Macaulay Minute to settle Anglicist vs Orientalist debate. Under it, in 1835, British administration decided to impart Western education in English medium. 2. He opined that Mass education in India is virtually impossible. Thus, propounded the concept of ‘Downward Filtration Theory’ or ‘Trickle down Theory’. 3. According to it, the upper and Middle class should be imparted education and this would infiltrate downwards to the lower class.”
- Was Downward Filtration Theory a success?
- Britishers failed to understand the socio economic dynamic in India. They could not acknowledge the huge gap between upper and lower class due to caste complexities. 2. Thus, downward filtration theory was bound to fail in India. 3. The first encroachment on Indian culture – in courts the Persian language as the official language was replaced by English - the first Medical College was established at Calcutta in 1835 itself. 4. As the downward filtration could not materialize, relatively no progress was made in education system till 1854”
- What was the Woods Dispatch?
- Under Lord Dalhousie education system was given a fillip. Inter alia, women education, the hitherto neglected topic, was taken to debate. 2. In 1854, a committee was constituted by Lord Dalhousie under Charles Wood- the then President of the Board of Control. This was called ‘Woods Dispatch’. 3. The aim of woods dispatch was to provide for a Comprehensive Model of Indian education system. 4. Its recommendations covered elaborate planning of education from primary education to university level. Thus, it came to be also known as the Magna Carta of Indian education system.”
- What were the major recommendations of Woods Dispatch?
- A hierarchy of education system was to be developed => Primary school at block level => high school at district level => college at town level => Universities to be established at Presidency level. 2. He rejected the Downward Filtration Theory and encouraged mass education, including women education. For him traditional education systems played an important part in imparting education. 3. He vouched for a mixture of vernacular and English medium – thereby finally settling the Anglicist vs Orientalist debate. 4. Primary and secondary education to be imparted in vernacular language. English to be introduced, alongside vernaculars, at High school level. College and university education to be imparted mandatorily in English. 5. He encouraged private educational systems by providing Grant In Aid – this led to increased private educational activities by Christian Missionaries 6. Teacher training college, new post of District Educational Officer, new Educational Department in Provinces were to be established. 7. Eventually, Universities were established in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras on the basis of London university. 8. The role of universities was mainly administrative in nature – conducting examinations, curriculum, monitoring of colleges etc. Academics were yet to start in universities.”
- What was the impact of Wavell plan on the status of the Muslim league?
- Wavell Plan = Muslim League got the veto power in the assembly. The plan suddenly enhanced the position of the Muslim league. 2. Muslim league raised a point during the Shimla conference – any bill affecting the sentiment of Muslims or is opposed by the Muslims must be passed by 2/3rd of the total strength of the house. 3. This discouraged nationalist sentiments and stemmed the tasks toward a unified India.”
- How did the results of the 1945-46 elections give impetus to the Two-Nation Theory?
- 1945-46: The Labour Party came to power in Britain - it decided to convene the elections for both Central and Provincial Assemblies in India. 2. The last elections in India were held in 1937 – a hiatus in the election cycle was due to World War II. 3. Results of the elections: a. Almost 86% of Muslims supported Muslim League – in sharp contrast to the 1937 elections. The Congress got 91% of the Hindu votes. b. In the Central Assembly, 30 seats were reserved for Muslims – all won by the Muslim League. 4. This voting pattern was a testimony to the support of the Two-Nation Theory by Muslims. 5. It further enhanced the prestige of the Muslim League. They claimed to be the true representatives of the sentiments of Muslims, who were greatly inspired by the call of Jinnah. 6. It can be rightly said that the partition of India, geographically and emotionally, was already decided in 1946.”
- What was the RIN mutiny?
- In the already tense atmosphere, the RIN (Royal Indian Navy) MUTINY of February 1946 became a significant event. 2. The Air Force and the Navy were considered the most disciplined unit of British defence. Unlike Army, no revolts were witnessed in these defence units till 1946. 3. At Bombay harbour, the Indian soldiers on ins Talwar, stationed at Bombay harbour, revolted. 4. They shouted anti-British slogans because of racial discrimination in terms of inferior treatment by the British officers on the ship, diet and dress categorisation, suffer racial abuse. 5. V.C. Dutt, one of the Indian officers, was arrested for shouting anti-British slogans. The British flag on the ship was replaced by the flags of INC and the Muslim League. 6. This led to a massive strike and a major revolt spread to Calcutta and Karachi Harbour also.”
- What was the impact of the RIN mutiny on British policy?
- It was likely that the revolt would penetrate the air force also – increasing the apprehensions of the Britishers. 2. Rather than a revolt, Britishers always preferred a smooth transfer of power with a golden handshake – wherever whenever Britishers had to leave a colony. 3. Thus, the RIN mutiny concerned Britishers about the humiliation before leaving India.”
- What was the response of Indian leaders to the RIN mutiny?
- The mutiny and subsequent revolts were criticised by both Congress and Gandhiji. 2. Gandhiji said that these activities can jeopardise India’s relationship with England in future. 3. There is a need to exercise due restraints at the time when Britishers are planning for a smooth transfer of power. 4. However, the labour union of Bombay, railway union called for a strike in support of the mutiny. 5. The Communist Party of India also supported the mutiny.”
- How did the revolt end and what were its impacts?
- Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel came to the rescue – he persuaded rebellious soldiers to surrender. This ended the RIN mutiny. 2. Although the mutiny was controlled, it cast a deep impact as it speed up the process of the transfer of power. The British government soon sent the Cabinet Mission in March 1946. 3. All official communications by the Britishers were on the principle that ‘Any talks with Indian leaders and any constitutional progress ought to be within the purview of a United India’. Britishers wanted to avoid taking the blame for the division of India. 4. The Cabinet mission was the blueprint for the Independence of India and it also had the invisible reflections of the forthcoming partition of India”
Q1,What was the status of Germany before unification?,
Part of holy roman empire since 9th century→ empire got dissolved in 1806→ rise of 300 independent states→Napoleonic merged 300 into 38 ‘Confederation of the Rhine’→ Congress of Vienna→ Germany confederation → custom union ‘Zollverein’
Q2,What was the role of Napoleon in Unification of Germany?,
[1] battle of Iaana→ Napoleon defeated Prussia + destroyed the holy Roman Empire in 1806+ liberated from Pope and religion. [2] formed confederation of Rhine [3] Napoleonic wars→Nationalism+ values of French revolution
Q3,What were the major hindrances in unification of Germany?,
39 states with parochial interests+ Austria+ dominant size of Prussia W.R.T other states+ Prussia lack sufficient military power+ other European powers against unification+ religious differences between North and South.
Q4,What were the factors that aided in German Unification?,
[1] United Germany=better economic prospects [2] Napoleonic Wars= Nationalism+ formation of Confederation of the Rhine’ [3] Cultural and linguistic affinity [4] role of Bismark [5] Prussia as magnet [6] role of King William 1.
Q5,What was the role of Ottovan Bismark in unification of Germany?,
Minister of Prussia →Autocrat+ no faith in Parliamentary system and democratic values+ brute force+ blood and iron policy; [2] militarization of Prussia [3] defeated Denmark with Austrian alliance [4] defeated Austria with Italian alliance (Battle of Sedowa) [5] defeated France (Battle of Sedan)
Q6,What were the similarity and differences between Germany and Italy unification?,
Similarity: diplomacy+ bureaucratic channels + foreign relations+ not by mass movement. Differences: [1] Sardinia-Piedmont = weak needed externalsupport, Prussia= strong needed neutrality only [2] Cavour V/s Bismarck: Cavour = Liberal + parliamentary form of Government+ constitutional monarchy+ popular will + diplomat; Bismack = autocrat + disliked parliamentary system + disliked popular will+ preferred force.
Q7,What were the implication of German unification?,
Strong state → rapid industrialization + urbanization → militarization → colonial rivalry → WW1 and WW2.
Q1,What was the status of Italy before its unification?,
disintegration of Roman empire (476 AD)→ Italian peninsula divided into several states→Spain, France and Austria established control → control over Italy became bone of contention; Congress of Vienna (1815)→ divided Italy without considering cultural aspects.
Q2,What were the Barriers in unification of Italy?,
1) Regional imbalance: poor hinterland connectivity + rugged mountain ranges+ rich north and poor south. 2) Autocratic rulers: local rulers were against Italy’s unification. 3) Ideological difference: radicals under Mazzini→ Republic; moderates under Cavour→ constitutional monarchy. 4) Role of Pope: Papal state headed by Pope→ against unification→ any attack on Papal state = attack on Christianity. 5) Economic backwardness: lack of wealth and industrial potentialities. 6) Historical baggage: unwillingness of Rome, Milan, Venice, Florence and Naples to join.
Q3,what was the role of various actors in Italy’s unification?,
1) Carbonaris: small section of patriots→ organized secret societies→ attempted to overthrow Austrian regime→ failed due to lack of mass support. 2) Mazzini: established ‘Young Italy’ a revolutionary organization+ aimed to make masses aware. 3) Count Cavour: a great diplomat + astute politician and pragmatist + believed in Realpolitik + reformed Italy towards modernization+ used international powerto achieve his domestic goals. 4) Napoleon: [1] conquered the Italian city-states→ unification [2] Napoleonic wars→ Nationalism→ mass aspiration towards unification [3] spread values of French revolution in Italy. 5) Garibaldi: member of ‘Young Italy’ + created army of ‘Red shirts’. 6) Victor Emmanuel II: King of Sardinia and Piedmont + Italian origin dynasty.
Q4,How Italy got United?,
[1] Three major impediment: a) Southern Sicily b) Papal state under Pope c) Venetia under Austrian control [2] Garibaldi with red Shirt army defeated Sicily [3] Venetia given to Italy by Prussia [4] Riot in Rome→ Garibaldi took control of Rome→ Pope declared Vatican city as sovereign + Plebiscite in Rome→ people voted in favour of Italy→ unification of Italy completed (1870)
Q1,What was the American civil war 1861?,
[1] war between the northern Vs. southern states of USA [2] issues like slavery, trade and tariff and doctrine ofstate rights. [3] Right to Property Vs. All men are created equal
Q2,What were the factors that led to American Civil war?,
1) Economic reasons: [a] Northern states→ industry-based economy+ modernization+ urbanization+ progressive thinking + hated slavery+ mechanization→ reduced dependency on slaves→ abolished slavery in 1804= declared free state. [b] Southern states→ agriculture-based economy+ lack of modernization+ regressive outlook+ lack of mechanization= needed slaves→ Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. 2) Lincoln’s Election: Republican party + anti-slavery viewpoint of Lincoln→ seven southern states seceded from the union→ war to prevent balkanization.
Q3,How did the Civil war start?,
Eleven pro-slavery southern states → formed Confederation under Jefferson Davis + declared their secession from union → civil war between anti-slavery Union and pro slavery Confederate states → Battle of Gettysburg→ confederate states were defeated→ ‘Emancipation proclamation’ = banned slavery in USA.
Q4,What was the role of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865)?,
16th President, elected in 1860 from Republican party + abolished slavery through Emancipation act + ensured unity of USA polity + promoted democratic values + executed 13th amendment act
Q5,What were the outcome of civil war?,
1) Economical: North remained largely unaffected but south was devastated+ Southern farms were destroyed+ Southern states economy collapsed + Southern banks got liquidated+ rapid industrialization of the US. 2) Social: North vs south Divide+ loss of life and property+ promoted equality of all men + but anti-black and economic marginalization of Blacks remained. 3) Political: Lincoln’s 10% plan+ popularity of republican party+ Black code repealed+ 13th amendment act passed+ tested the strength of American federal structure+ basic civil liberties and right to vote for Blacks.
Q1,What was Russian Civil War?,
White army of Menshevik vs red army of Bolshevik→ anti-communist block supported white army→ civil war→ famine→ reign of terror by Bolshevik→ red army emerged victorious.
Q2,What was policy of War communism by Lenin?,
State control over economic resources+ nationalization of factories + ban on private trade+ management of industries, transferred to workers+ routing surplus agro production to feed soldiers.
Q3,What were the initiative taken by Lenin towards Reconstruction of Russia?,
[1] policy of land redistribution [2] abolition of feudal system [3] war communism→ peasant discontent→ lower production→ food shortage and famine [4] transferring of management to workers→ mismanagement
Q4,What was new economic policy adopted by Lenin?,
Pure Marxism failed→ changes in original Marxist model of socialism→ middle path between socialism and Capitalism→ [1] Peasants were allowed to keep surplus [2] small sector industries private ownership was allowed [3] incentive to worker for better productivity [4] ban on strikes [5] introduction of new currency [6] encourage foreign investment [7] brought back old managers [8] formation of factory syndicates [9] measures like piece wage rates, bonus etc
Q5,What were the Consequences of Russian revolution?,
1) Global rivalry: [a]Russia withdrawal from WW1 [b] capitalism vs communism [c] support of capitalist block to Menshevik in Russian civil war [d] Apprehension, hostility created trust deficit leading to cold war. 2) Political: [a]destruction of aristocracy [b] formation of USSR [c] rise of Statism [d] centralized power structure [e] creation of new states [f] Formation of communist parties [g] anti colonialism struggle [h] Russia as world power. 3) Economic: [a]Private property was abolished [b] planned economy [c] Right to work became a constitutional right [d] socialist model of economy. 4) iv. Social: [a] promotion of education [b] women empowerment [c] egalitarianism [d] removal of class differences [e] secularism.
Q1,What was the Russian Revolution?,
three separate uprisings [1] 1905, Bloody Sunday→ establishment of the Duma. [2] 1917, February Revolution → Tsar abdicating the throne → installation of a leftist provisional government. [3] 1917 Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin→ overthrew the provisional government → established a communist government in the October Revolution→ Russia’s withdrawal from WW1→ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
Q2,What were the Causes of Russian Revolution?,
1) Role of monarchy: anti-reforms, autocratic, orthodox, puritan catholic Christian+ supported uniform culture+ persecution of Jews+ suppression of non-Russian languages+ ultranationalism. 2) Industrial revolution and Russian backwardness: lack of industrialization+ late start of industrial activities+ Industrial revolution in Russia = poor working conditions+ poor wages+ child labour + Trade Unions outlawed+ stark inequality. 3) The Russo-Japanese War 1904: Japan and Russia both imperialist power→ clash for Manchuria and Korea→ defeat of Russia→ resentment against Tsar rule. 4) Bloody Sunday 1905: Tsar guards fired upon peaceful protesters→ riot and arson→ demand for reforms→ formation of Duma. 5) World War I failure: heavy losses against Germany.
Q3,What were the events that led to October revolution?,
Strike of Women textile workers→ February/March Revolution→ excess use force to crush → sepoy mutiny→ forced Nicholas II to abdicate his throne→ executed→ formation of Provisional Government.
Q4,Why did the Provisional Government fell?,
decided to continue with the war+ failed to execute Land reforms+ economic chaos+ peasant discontent→ Bolshevik took over the Government.
Q5,Who were Bolshevik and Menshevik?,
Both inspired from Karl Marx [1] Mensheviks → broad base of popular support for revolution + gradual reforms [2]Bolsheviks→ small number of committed revolutionaries + radical change.
Q6,What was October Revolution 1917?,
[1] failure of the provisional government→ October revolution → Bolsheviks under Lenin executed coup and overthrew the government. [2] distribution of land to landless+ ownership of factories to workers+ slogan of
Q1,What is Communism?,
Idea given by Karl Marx; capitalism→ economic crisis→ class struggle→ socialist State → egalitarian society→ classless society→ communism.
Q2,What was The First International, 1864?,
[1] International Working Men’s Association, or the First International; [2]aim→ total ‘abolition of all class rule’+ unite workers across the world. [3] Impact→ socialism as world movement+ united cause of workers+ international solidarity.
Q3,What were the factors that led to demise of 1st international?,
not a homogeneous organisation → divided among Fabian, Utopian and Marxist ideologies→ internal differences→ split in 1872 and was formally dissolved in 1876.
Q4,What was The Second International (1889)?,
[1] Formation → congress was held in Paris on 100th anniversary of French Revolution → Second International. [2] agenda and achievements → opposed militarisation of Europe, Imperialism, colonialism and rising tide of ultra-Nationalism (Jingoism) + principles of equality + struggle against militarism and the prevention of war+ bring peace and stability in Europe+ condemned colonialism
Q5,What were the factors that led to demise of 2nd International?,
dissolved in 1916 → diverse viewpoint of gradual reforms vs radical changes+ difference on issue of supporting WW1 or not
Q6,How far socialist movements succeeded in achieving their goals?,
exposed true nature of capitalism and limitation of democracy+ advocated decolonization+ formation of Socialist parties+ condemned laissez fair and championed welfare state+ pro-people agenda+ creation of egalitarian society+ formation of workers union+ social safety net+ human conditions of work+ humane face to industrialization.
Q1,What is socialism?,
[1] means of production are owned and regulated by the State. Features of socialism→ Production as per need+ central planning+ state ownership of means of production+ egalitarianism+ equal opportunities.
Q2,What are different models of Socialism?,
[1] Utopian Socialists: imaginary society+ equality+ free from exploitation+ ‘from each according to his capacity, to each according to his work ‘. + voluntary surrender of property by capitalist class. [2] Marxist Socialism: German journalist Karl Marx (1818-1883) & Friedrich Engels→ radical socialism= class struggle + revolution of workers called ‘proletariat’ against capitalist class called ‘bourgeoisie’. [3] Fabian Socialists: British socialist organization→ advance the principles of socialism via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary, means. → democratic means and without violence and social upheaval.
Q3,What is the difference between Marxist and Democratic socialism?,
Marxist socialism Democratic socialism Government may of may not be Democratically elected Elected Government Socialism is means as well as End Socialism is end which could be achieved with various means. State/society is above individual Individual rights are important. State control of all industry Mix of public and private sector. Prices and output set by the government. Prices determined by the free market, with some exceptions, Wages are set by State Redistribution of income through differential taxation system Centralized planning Mix of central and local level planning
Q4,What is similarity and difference between Marxist and Gandhian model of socialism?,
Idea Marx Gandhiji Class difference abolition of private property through class struggle. Trusteeship. Economic model state led capitalism. village republic. Structural difference centralization of power Oceanic circle Strategy for establishing socialism violence Non-violence Similarity: egalitarian society and end class difference+ stateless and classless society+ workers ownership in means of production.
Q1,What was Congress of Vienna (1813)?,
[1] conference of victorious powers of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1813; mainly four i.e. England, Russia, Austria and Prussia. [2] Major objectives: Restore the European polity to pre-revolution era+ Restore monarchy+ Reward for the victors and retribution to the defeated+ Stifle nationalism+ balance of power.
Q2,What were the Consequences of Vienna Congress?,
[1] Major territorial changes + Formation of Holy Alliance of crowned heads of Russia, Prussia and Austria + Encirclement of France+ Concert of Europe was established+ Quadruple alliance (United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia).
Q3,Was Congress of Vienna success or failure?,
[1] Positive impact: multinational organization+ political cooperation+ peace and stability+ aided Industrial revolution in Europe. [2] Negative impact: restore old monarchy+ arbitrary redraw of national boundaries + suppress nationalism + restore aristocracy in Europe+ regressive in nature.
Q1,How Napoleon rose to power?,
[1] belonged to pro-democratic faction (Jacobins)→ suppressed pro monarchy factions of revolution→ became major general→ became part of the group that overthrew the Directory in 1799→ aided in victory over Austria→ became first consul→ emperor of France.
Q2,What were the factors contributed to Napoleon’s Rise?,
[1] The French Revolution: 1) reign of Terror → all senior military Generals executed+ failure of rule of Directory→ Power vacuum 2) chance to expose his abilities and military talents. [2] Role of Nationalism: lead French victory against enemies→ heroism and blind worship. [3] His Education Background and the role of enlightenment→ leadership + oratory+ convincing power.
Q3,What was the significance of Napoleonic rule?,
[1] End of feudalism [2] challenge to Monarchy [3] republicanism [4] Napoleon code→ codification of law = reduced ambiguity = rule of law [5] Reforms in Government → centralized administration+ merit-based promotion+ tax reforms. [6] Napoleonic wars→ awakening in Russia→ End of tsar rule [7] unification of Italy and Germany.
Q4,What were the reasons that led to fall of Napoleon?,
[1] continental system→ economic blockade of Britain→ Shortage of essential goods in France→smuggling→ inflation and distress→ lost the sympathy of people [2] policy of separation of state and church→conflict with Pope→ Napoleon image as atheist→ turned all the Catholics against Napoleon. [3] Spanish ulcer → Spain defied continental system→ France annexed Spain→ crushing defeat of French army. [4] Moscow campaign→ Russia defied continental system→ France annexed Russia→ winter and crippling of supply for French Army→ defeat of French army. [5] Napoleon own weakness→ autocratic nature+ ambition+ centralization+ Dictatorial tendencies. [6] rise of nationalism in Europe [7] industrial revolution in Europe. [8] battle of Waterloo→ Austria, Prussia, Russia, Portugal and Spain joined together→ Napoleon defeated.
Q1,What were the reasons for the failure of post-monarchy Governments?,
[1] Invasion of France: idea of Republicanism and anti-monarchy stand alarmed rest of the European countries→ Prussia and Austria declared war on France with the aim of re-establishing Monarchy back in France→ Radical Jacobins forced National assembly to declare France as Republic→ monarchy guillotined. [2] Reign of Terror: Jacobins under Robspierre became powerful→ followed the policy of Blood and Iron→ killed all opponents; Robspierre guilty of misusing power→ executed. [3] Rule of Directory: concentration of power→ despotism; committee system of Government→ committee of 5 directors was called ‘rule of Directory’; system proved to be flop→ people became disillusioned to the idea of Republic→ rise of Napoleon
Q2,what were the consequences of the French Revolution?,
[1] Political: destruction of feudalism + Privileged classes were abolished+ Declaration of the Rights of Man+ The idea of Republic+
Q3,what was the Impact of French revolution on Indian freedom struggle and India?,
[1] Political ideology like: sovereignty of Citizen, to govern with the consent of Governed, Republicanism, abolition of privileged class, equality of all etc. inspired our freedom struggle. Slogan of FR ‘Liberty, equality and Fraternity’ was included in Preamble+ Abolition of Zamindari + Divine right of the king to rule was challenged = Praja Mandal were formed+ secular state+ nationalism, patriotism and democracy inspired Indian Freedom struggle.
Q1,What was the Pre-Revolution state of French society?,
[1] France strong and powerful state in the 18th century [2] society divided into three Estates → Estate 1 = Clergy, Estate 2 = Nobility, Estate 3 = commons [3] Estate 1 & 2 → population = 5%, total land = 40% + privileged class + exempted from almost all taxes + lavish-extravagant life + controlled most of the administrative posts. 3rd Estate → common people; 95 per cent of the total population.; unprivileged people, mostly peasants, high taxes and no tenancy rights.
Q2,What were the factors that led to French Revolution?,
[1] Role of Monarchy: King called Louis XVI of Bourbon dynasty → incompetent king; queen name Marie Antoinette → lavish life and state interference; French huge army + frequent wars → Bankruptcy. [2] Role of Intellectuals: age of reason + anti monarchy + ideological backing to revolution. a. Rousseau: Social contract theory + popular sovereignty +
Q4,What were the immediate events which led to French revolution?,
[1] France was bankrupt → King called meeting of all three Estates delegates → Despite 3rd Estate having 95% population, each estate had one vote → 3rd Estate demanded cut in royal expenditure and tax from 1st and 2nd estate → 1st and 2nd demanded fresh taxes on 3rd estate → Leading to logjam in the meeting → 17th June 1789, the third Estate declared itself as the National Assembly → Tennis Court Oath → outbreak of revolution → fall of state prison Bastille → monarchy arrested and tried for treason.
Q5,Who were the leaders of the revolution?,
[1] Radicals: They were called left-wing and said to be on the left, called Jacobins → opposed the king and the idea of a monarchy + radical + sweeping reforms at any cost + republicanism + adopted legal, extra-legal or even illegal methods. [2] Conservatives: called constitutionalists → establish constitutional monarchy in France. [3] Moderates: called Girondists → establish republic but gradually and not through force.
Q1,How American continent was colonized?,
[1] Renaissance → quest for new world began in 16th CE; Spanish +France + Holland+ England = colonial rivalry.
Q2,What was the situation of British Colonies in America before revolution?,
[1] 13 English colonies → Landless peasants + people seeking religious freedom + traders and criminals + Farmers [2] less political power to people = idea of being an independent nation grew → Revolutionary War [3] British - French rivalry → the seven years’ war (1756-63),
Q3,What were the causes of American revolution?,
[1] Economic causes: Stamp Act + Navigation Act + currency act + Molasses act + Tea act → Molasses tea party act + rent seeking behaviour. [2] Political causes: 1) English philosophers like Lockey, Herrington, Milton, Jefferson 2) lack of USA representation in British Parliament
Q4,How American revolution broke out?,
[1] Congress at Philadelphia in 1774 → Anglo-America war → Declaration of Independence → The war of Independence → American emerged victorious → Treaty of Paris (1783).
Q5,What was the impact of the revolution?,
[1] Framing of the constitution → first written Constitution + republican + federal + freedom of speech, press and religion, and justice under law + Limited Government+ Individual rights + Women Rights + Right to revolution + Right to bear Arms. [2] Political impact: republican government + anti-slavery struggle + anti-colonialism + women’s right movement + secular State + inspired other revolutions + democracy + right to revolution + Doctrine of separation of power + no taxation without representation+ Sovereignty + limited government+ legitimate government + Anti-Monarchy struggle. [3] Economic Impact: Free market economy + minimal role of State + abolition of State monopoly + Capitalism. [4] Social Impact: feminism + women right to inherit property + individualism + abolition of slavery + anti-racism.
Q1,How Industrial Revolution spread in Other Countries?,
[1] After Napoleon was defeated → Congress of Vienna → IR spread in Europe
Q2,Why was Germany able to industrialize so rapidly between 1870 and 1914?,
[1] Unification → nationalism + central planning + responsible Government [2] Railways [3] education [4] threat of French attack [5] rich mineral resources [6] role of Ottoman Bismark [7] Modernization in agriculture [8] Welfare state model.
Q3,How IR spread in Russia?,
[1] rich in mineral resources but lacked capital and free labour; abolition of serfdom= surplus labor for factories; role of Russian revolution in 1917.
Q4,How IR spread in Japan?,
Situation of Japan before IR: Monarchy + local warlords = fragmented polity. The Meiji Restoration → political and social revolution in Japan in 1866-69 = defeat of feudal warlords and Emperor of Japan took charge of entire country. Impact of Meiji restoration → [1] centralized and bureaucratic government. [2] end of feudalism [3] universal education [4] military modernization [5] Wealthy Country and Strong Arms motto [6] nationalism [7] competition with west [8] state aided industries [9] use of reverse engineering [10] social spending = more worker commitment.
Q5,What were the impacts of IR?,
[1] Urbanization: influx of migrants → compact urban settlements = industrial townships. Negative impact of Urbanization: overcrowding + civic amenities issues + social and health cost+ modesty of women got compromised + child labour + inequality + gentrification + ghettoization. [2] Socio-economic impact: impact on Women and Children: independence of women + individualism + feminism + differential payment + sexual exploitation + child labor. Social cleavage + rift of have’s and Have not + rural distress + nuclear family + institution of family got disintegrated. [3] Political impact: Market > state; crony capitalism; laissez fair’ propagated by Adam Smith; minimalistic State; Rich > poor.
Q6,How IR impacted India?,
[1] No import tariff → import surge → deindustrialization of India → ruralization. [2] commercialization of agriculture [3] rise of Indian capitalist class.
Q1,What is imperialism?,
[1] extending the power + control + rule by a country over the political and economic life → capitalist countries to conquer and dominate pre-capitalist countries of the world; Metropolis subordinate colony.
Q2,What is Colonialism?,
[1] political control → settlement of foreign rulers; Colonialism = the total system of imperialist domination
Q3,How colonialisms and Imperialism are different?,
Imperialism Colonialism control or influence directly or indirectly. Control is total and direct direct rule over a country is not necessary. Direct rule over the country. All imperialistic countries are not colonialist All colonialists are Imperialistic. More of economic concept i.e. it aims to establish economic control and drain wealth of subservient country More of political control. It aims to have direct rule over a country and exploit its wealth by making laws and rules. Example: World bank, IMF, Debt diplomacy of China are example of imperialism. Ex. British conquest in India, south Africa etc. In this there is Metropolis and subservient economy relationship. There is ruler and Ruled relation
Q4,What is Neo imperialism?,
[1] The old school of imperialism = the military force & conquests; At present → political, economic and cultural influence Ex. USA; Military + international institutions (UN, WB, IMF) + Economic + melting pot culture.
Q5,What were the factors which gave impetus to Imperialism and colonialism in Europe?,
[1] Renaissance → discovery of new lands; The monetary profit → explorations→ brought goods that could be sold at home at a much higher margin. [2] Capitalism: Capitalism = Profit Maximization. 1) Cheap labors. 2) Cheap raw material. 3) Market to sell goods. [3] Protectionism: British goods= cheaper → heavy tariff imposed on British imports → search for new market= colonialism. [4] Mercantilism: country’s gain = another country/colony’s loss + Wealth of a country = Gold and Silver. [5] Extreme Nationalism: more colonies = pride + power. [6] Civilizing mission: white men’s burden = spreading civilization + Christianity.
Q6,Why Asia and Africa were soft target of Imperialism?,
[1] Lack of military strength+ Internal conflict+ Absence of Nationalism in Africa.
Q1,What is Feudalism?,
[1] Feudalism= conditional ownership of land → to Vassals (Feudal lords) by King feudal lords responsibilities: Collect revenue + Keep some part of revenue and transfer remaining to the King+ Maintain law and order + Maintain standing army+ Provide military support to King. [2] reason for feudalism= No single authority = big Kingdom → smaller kingdoms → local Lords > King. [3] Serfdom = bonded labour to the land; work free. [4] feudalism ended → Modern weapons like gun powder = king > feudal lords + modern education.
Q2,What was Renaissance?,
[1] French ‘the Rebirth’= medieval → modern age; challenged old belief & authority of the Church→ urged people to have scientific attitude.
Q3,What was State of western society before Intellectual revolution?,
[1] Superstition + More focus on theological aspects like soul, God, Life after death + Dominance of church+ Feudal society → exploitation of poor+ body is impure, seeking + pleasure is sin, spiritualism > materialism.
Q4,What was the impact of Renaissance?,
intellectual revolution+ Growth of science, art, architecture, sculpture, painting, literature, geography + Spirit of humanism and individualism + Dawn of rationality, logic, spirit of questioning; Impact on society = [1] Church influence declined [2] Humanity> Divinity [3] pursuit of happiness [4] materialism [5] rational thinking+ progressive outlook.
Q5,What was the Reformation movement?,
[1] movement against radical Catholic Church [2] protestant churches were established Martin Luther King in Germany (16th CE) [3] two sects protestant and Catholic.
Q6,How Renaissance and Reformation movement laid the foundation for IR?,
Intellectual revolution + scientific temperament → innovation like steam engine, cotton spinning machine etc. → mass production of goods [2] Quest for new areas began → explore new areas → source raw material [3] Spiritualism → materialistic society → demand for goods increased → need for mass production → factory system→ industries were established. [4] Rationality→ capitalist society → seeking more wealth → investment in new factories to gain more wealth. [5] protestant Ethics → work is Worship+ individual could attain salvation through hard work.
Q7,what was the impact of Renaissance and Reformation on World events?,
Enlightenment → American Revolution (1776), the French Revolution (1789) and the Russian Revolution (1905, 1917). [2] nationalism → sense of unity + oneness to the people → birth of nation states [3] Spirit of nationalism → unification of Italy and Germany + freedom movements in Colonies of European imperialist powers [4] Movements in many parts of Europe and in North America → ended autocratic political systems + birth of democratic political system + abolish privileges + induced equality.
What was Berlin Blockade?
Post WW2→ Germany and Berlin divided into 4→ merger of pro capitalist as single economic unit→ blockade of western Germany from Western Berlin (1948) by USSR→ massive airlift supply to west Berlin→ Division of Germany into West and East as sovereign nations → refugee fleeing from East to west→ construction of Berlin wall. Outcome: moral victory of Western block+ setback to Communist ideology.
What was the Korean War?
[1] Korea under Russia→ Russia -Japan War 1905→ Korean peninsula under Japanese control→ defeat of Japan→ North Korea under USSR and South Korea under USA (38th Parallel)→ NK attacked SK (1950) [2] UNSC passed resolution against NK→ UN forces pushed NK and captured Pyongyang → China sided with NK→ Stalemate situation [2] Outcome: Korean Armistice Agreement signed in July 1953→ end to Korean war + Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
What was the Cuban missile crisis?
Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista→ replaced by Fiedel Castro (1959)→ anti-US stand→ failed coup attempt by US aided Cuban exiles (Bay of Pigs invasion)→ Cuba tilted towards Soviets→ Soviets secretly installed nuclear missiles in Cuba→ security threat on US→ US ordered for Cuban naval blockade→ world at the verge of Nuclear exchange→ peace deal. Outcome: [1] USSR decided to remove missiles [2] US to remove missiles from Turkey+ not attack Cuba in future [3] doctrine of Nuclear deterrence [4] MAD doctrine [5] Brinksmanship doctrine [6] hotline between Moscow and Washington [7] Khruschev was forced to retire [8] Nuclear test ban treaty was signed.
What were the Causes of 2nd WW?
1) Roots in World War I: [1] Treaty of Versailles [2] Unfulfilled ambitions of Italians 2) Fear of Spread of Communism: Anti-Comintern pact 1936 (Germany + Italy + Japan)→ Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. 3) Policy of Appeasement: Munich Pact + Japan annexed Manchuria + Germany invaded Austria and Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia + Italy annexed Ethiopia. 4) Failure of League of Nation: Japan aggression on Manchuria + Italy attack of Ethiopia.+ Spanish civil war + Remilitarization of Germany + Germany aggression in Czechoslovakia.
What were the major events in WW2?
1) The Invasion of Poland: Germany invaded Poland→ France and England declared war on Germany. 2) The Battle of Britain: aerial bombing in Britain→ successful resistance by British citizen and armed forces. 3) Battle of France. 4) German Invasion of Soviet Union: despite the Non-Aggression Pact→ Germany attacked the Soviet Union→ Churchill and Roosevelt declared British and American’ support to Soviet→ signing of agreement. 5) Pearl Harbour: Japan’s massive aerial raid → USA naval base in pacific→ United States declared war on Japan→ Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. 6) The Battle of Stalingrad→ courage and sacrifice of Soviet + USA & Britain resources→ Germany surrendered in May 1945. 7) Dropping of Atomic bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki→ Japan surrender in 1945.
How World War II impacted the world?
1) Political: [1] changes in centres of power [2] Bipolar world [3] formation of UN [4] Nationalism [5] decolonization [6] spread of Democracy [7] division of Germany into 4 [8] war indemnity on Axis powers. 2) Economic: [1] War economy→ Pulled USA of Great depression [2] destruction of Europe [3] Bretton Woods Conference (1944)→ IMF and WB [4] Marshall plan for European reconstruction. [5] spending in Space and weapons [6] The Molotov Plan.
How WW2 impacted India?
[1] Confusion about support→ factions in INC [2] Individual Satyagraha and Quit India Movement [3] formation of INA [4] Indian contribution with men and material [5] Great Bengal famine [6] Battle of Kohima. [7] reduction in British power→ Indian decolonization.
How Hitler rose to power?
[1] Hitler was in army and participated in WW1→ joined Workers Party of Germany [2] general resentment against Treaty of Versailles+ The Great depression→ economic turmoil+ social devastation+ civil unrest → people aspired for a hero and saviour. [3] failed coup attempt (Beer hall putch)→ arrested and imprisoned [4] victory of Nazi party in election (1930)→ chancellor [5] Reichstag set on fire→ emergency declared in Germany [6] Hitler → chancellor+ President = Fuhrer. [7] mass political assassination (night of long knives)→ undisputed dictator of Germany.
What was the Policy of Appeasement?
[1] Followed by British and French→ special concession to Japan, Germany and Italy [2] outcome: failed to have timely intervention on Hitler→ defied treaty of Versailles + remilitarized Rhineland + annexed Austria + annexed Czechoslovakia+ Italy annexed Ethiopia+ Japan attacked Manchuria.
What were the Reasons for the Policy of Appeasement?
[1] To avoid war at all cost [2] favorable sentiment in favor of Germany [3] perception of injustice to Germany in Treaty of Versailles [4] containing communism [5] the great Depression [6] Failure of League of Nations [7] economic benefit.
What was the Spanish Civil war?
[1] dress rehearsal for 2nd WW → most nations joined→ international civil war stature. [2] fascism Vs. communism. [3] In 1935 pro Communism republican Government in Spain→ revolt under major Franco [4] Russia supported pro-communist republican Government, Germany & Italy backed General Franco→ France and Britain remained neutral [5] General Franco emerged victorious.
What was the Impact of Spanish Civil war?
[1] Boosted Fascist ideology [2] consolidated Appeasement Policy [3] international solidarity against fascist ideology.
What were the events that led to WW2?
[1] Germany annexed Austria in 1938 [2] German annexation of Czechoslovakia [3] Munich pact→ Hitler conquered entire Czechoslovakia. [4] invasion of Poland→ France and Britain declared war on Hitler.
What is Fascism?
Coined by Benito Mussolini; militant political movement+ loyalty to the state +obedience to leader. [1] Complete devotion to State [2] Extreme Nationalism based on superiority [3] totalitarian system of government [4] Anti-communism [5] believer of State socialism [6] Use Military Strength and Violence [7] cult of a leader [8] State > Individual.
What were the responsible factors for rise of Fascism in Italy?
[1] Disappointment at Italy’s gains from the peace settlement [2] economic devastation post WW1 [3] Anti-Communist sentiments due to constant civil unrest [4] Hegel ideology of state [5] Religious sanction to fascism [6] Landlord and peasants support [7] General strike of summer 1922.
What were the policies adopted by Mussolini?
Replacement of elected representatives by officials+ Strict press censorship+ change in school syllabus + destruction of democratic institutions + creation of PSUs + central planning + huge public spending + erosion of Fundamental rights.
What was Nazism?
[1] right-wing movement of Germany [2] Hyper nationalism [3] promise of old golden days [4] Pro capitalist [5] Opposition to Democracy [6] Anti – Communist [7] Idea of sacred nature of State [8] Anti - Semitism and Racial Belief.
What were the responsible Factors for the rise of Nazism in Germany?
[1] Treaty of Versailles [2] Great Economic Depression [3] Ineffective rule of Weimar republic [4] Role of Intellectuals [5] Persona of Hitler.
What were the similarities and differences between Fascism and Nazism?
1) Similarities: Centralization of Power+ Totalitarian Regime+ Ultra-Nationalism+ Supremacy of State over citizen+ Aimed to regain past glory for their respective countries+ anti-communist stand. 2) Differences: Anti- Semitism+ Relation between Religion and the State+ Impact over society.
What was the Great Depression?
[1] Depression= Unemployment+ a drop in available credit+ diminishing output+ bankruptcies+ sovereign debt defaults+ reduced trade and commerce+ sustained volatility in currency values. [2] reasons: Post WW1, destruction of Europe+ USA emerged as dominant economy→ European countries took loan from USA for rebuilding= dependence of global economy on USA’s. [3] events: USA stock market crash in 1929→ fall in factory production→ unemployment→ bank crash→ loss of savings.
What caused the Great Depression?
1) Flawed Model of Economy: income disparity and economic inequality= poor purchasing power. 2) Treaty of Versallies: USA lend money to Germany→ Germany paid to France and Britain→ both paid to USA as war debts= dependency on USA economy. 3) Overproduction in Factories and Agriculture: mass production in USA+ productivity of Agriculture→ poor purchasing power→ factories began to cut back production + laying off workers= unemployment→ further drop in purchasing power. 4) Limitation of Capitalist Economy: capitalism =more profit→ less wages to workers→ reduction in purchasing power→ less demand for goods→ cut in output→ layoff→ drop in purchasing power. 5) Mismanagement by Hoover Government.
What was the Impact of Great Depression?
1) Economic: [1]to support domestic industries→ increased tariff barrier→ fall in international trade by 65 % [2] Stock market meltdown [3] Unemployment [4] economic disparity [5] setback to Laissez faire [6] boost to Keynesian model. 2) Political: [1] Regime Changes: Spain adopted republic+ USA change in Government. [2] Totalitarian regimes and Aggressive Nationalism [3] Welfare state [4] rise of socialism. 3) Social: High unemployment rates (25%) + high crime rates+ malnutrition + suicides+ distress migration+ ruralization+ deurbanization.
How the Great Depression impacted India?
Fall in import and export+ deflation+ protective policy of Britain+ anti British sentiments+ victory of INC in 1935 elections.
What was the New deal programme?
[1] In 1932 by Franklin D. Roosevelt → reform governance + pull economy of depression. [2] 3R, Relief = social safety net for poor, Recovery = fiscal stimulus, reform = market regulation. [3] initiatives taken = Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), Social security scheme.
What were the major criticism of New deal programme?
[1] Economic recession again in 1937 [2] huge public spending = high fiscal deficit [3] did not solve root cause i.e. economic inequality [4] WW2 pulled USA economy from depression.
What was Paris peace conference?
1) By big 4 USA, UK, France, Italy→ aimed to establish peace and stability. 2) Woodrow Wilson 14 points→ demilitarization+ self-determination+ decolonization+ respect for other’s territories + non-interference in internal matters+ de-grouping of states + fairness and justice. 3) views of other nation→ punish Germany + gain territories+ reduce German power 4) Treaty of Versailles→ Creation of League of Nations + demilitarization of Germany+ war guilt clause+ German territories removed from its control. 5) other treaties: Austro-Hungarian Empire→ Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia; Ottoman empire→ Palestine, Iraq went to Britain and Syria and Lebanon went to France.
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany lost its 50% iron ore mines and 16% coalfields mines+ hunger and unemployment + Hyperinflation+ hurt German sentiments+ hyper-nationalism + extreme right wing tilt+ seed for WW2.
What was the League of Nations?
[1] Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)→ international organization on advice of Woodrow Wilson; [2] Objectives: peace and stability+ dialogue+ collective action+ international cooperation+ development+ establishment of world court and ILO. [3] Success stories of LoN: Finland-Sweden dispute settlement+ worker’s, refugee and PoW welfare+ prevention of human trafficking.
Why league of nations failed?
[1] ineffective W.R.T powerful countries [2] japan attack on Manchuria [3] Italy’s occupation of Ethopia and Albania. [4] USA and USSR did not join [5] issues of sovereignty [6] No Armed Force of its own [7] policy of appeasement [8] the great depression [9] Germany defiance of Treaty of Versailles [10] partisan approach.
What was the status of Europe before WW1?
Increasing belligerence+ mutual hostility + ultranationalism = factionalism. British Policy of Splendid isolation+ reduction of French power after Napoleon defeat and defeat by Prussia = power void; Germany unification→ industrialization→ hegemon.
What were the causes of WW1?
[1] Rise of Germany [2] Mutual Defense Alliances: The Triple Alliance-1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy + The Triple Entente, Britain, France, and Russia, concluded by 1907. [3] Colonial rivalry [4] Militarization [5] Ultranationalism [6] Role of Kaiser William II [7] Disintegration of ottoman empire [8] Pan Slav Movement.
What was the immediate cause of WW1?
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary→ willing to merge Serbia with Austria→ major roadblock in Pan Slav movement→ assassinated by a Serbian in Sarjevo → Austria declared war on Serbia→ Russia declared war on Austria→ Germany declared war on Russia and Belgium→ Britain declared war on Germany.
Why USA joined WW1?
[1] Submarine warfare killing US non-combatants [2] Cultural affiliation [3] Economic ties [4] Mexico factor.
How WW1 was an unprecedented war for mankind?
[1] War in the Trenches [2] Use of new war weapons [3] WW1 was total war [4] participation of women and civilians [5] use of propaganda [6] Widespread loss of human lives [7] Economies devastated.
How WW1 impacted India?
[1] WW1 ended myth of British invincibility [2] Indian soldiers exposure to western values and ideas [3] Rowlatt act in return of India’s war efforts [4] October revolution→ rise of socialism and communism→ formation of CPI, CSP, AITUC, India independence league in India [5] rise of food prices and other essential things [6] impetus to domestic industries and commercial crops. [7] Participation of Indian soldiers (70 thousand) and revenue resources from India.
How WW1 impacted the world?
1) Social impact: decline of birth rates+ loss of million lives+ change in the role of women+ refugee problem. 2) Economic impact: collapse of European economy→ inflation and unavailability of essential goods [2] USA emerged as major economic powerhouse. 3) Political impact: downfall of four monarchies: Germany, Turkey, Austria-Hungary and Russia [2] anti-democratic extreme right wing political ideologies got promoted [3] anti colonialism and anti-imperialism [4] growth of nationalism [5] inter-national animosity [6] need for supra-national institute [7] Worker’s right Movement. 4) Other impacts of WW1: spread of influenza+ modern warfare+ boost to innovation.
