MFD1 Flashcards
Define Evolution
process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms.
Phylogeny
1) Describe:
2) How do they produce phylogenetic trees?
describes relationships between organisms and produces phylogenetic trees.
2) To do this they use ribosomal RNA taken from cells which involves PCR and DNA sequencing, followed by DNA analysis.
Why is rRNA used in PCR to produce a phylogenetic tree?
- Present in all cellular life forms
* Contain highly variable regions that can be used to differentiate between species.
Organisms are organised via ____1___ into non-overlapping groups in a hierarchy. A strain is a particular organism within a ____2___
1) taxonomy
2) species
What are the taxonomic groups?
DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, FAMILY, ORDER, GENUS, SPECIES, STRAIN
There are 3 domains:
There are 3 domains:
• Archaea
• Bacteria
• Eukaryota
What are protozoa?
2) What domain is it a part of? Which other kingdom is part of this domain?
1) are a large group of simple eukaryotes.
2) Protozoa and fungi are groups within the Eukaryota.
How are virsues and viroids classified?
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system. …
Viruses are mainly classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause.
1) What is A viroid ?
2) How does it differ from a virus?
3) Describe the stucture of it’s nucleic acids?
4) What organisms do viroids effect? why?
1) “naked” RNA molecule that can infect a cell
2) a) It’s smaller than a virus
b) has no capsid.
3) the RNA in a viroid coils around itself to become double-stranded for strength.
4) It infects plant life. Although it has no protein of its own, a viroid’s RNA affects a plant’s ability to produce essential proteins. They don’t cause human disease, but they can cause crop failure.
When did archaea diverge from bacteria?
2.5 billion years ago
What happened 2.5 billion years ago?
archaea diverged from bacteria
What is the role of archaea in the mouth?
unknown but correlation with PD
Bacteria
1) Structure:
2) Found where in the mouth?
1) simple prokaryotic cell structure
2) everywhere but concentrated at interfaces
Porotozoa
1) Structure:
2) Found where?
3) Graze on….
4) e.g.s
5) e.g. of oral protozoa (2)
6) e.g. of a serious disease-causing oral protozoan
1) Single celled eukaryotes.
Protozoa can be found in the mouth, usually when oral hygiene is poor!
3) Graze on bacteria.WOOHOO!
4) amoebae, Plasmodium spp. (cause malaria)
5) Trichomonas tenax And Entamoeba gingivalis
6) Leishmania is the only serious disease-causing oral protozoan
How is this relevant to dentistry?
1) Infection control, maintaining a safe working environment
2) Dental plaque-related disease
3) Soft tissue infections
4) Systemic disease of oral origin
5) Understanding medical history and relevance to dental treatment e.g. HIV and TB effect oral mucosa
