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Ph Ch 128 3rd Exam > Mevalonate 4 > Flashcards

Mevalonate 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tetraterpene skeleton;

Tail-to-tail coupling of 2 molecules of geranylgeranyl PP

A

Phytoene

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2
Q

Cyclopropyl compound;

Intermediate in formation of tetraterpenes

A

Prephytoene diphosphate

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3
Q

Widely distributed group of lipid-soluble pigments or lipochromic pigments

A

Carotenoids

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4
Q

Extends the range of light absorbed by the photosynthetic apparatus

A

Accessory harvesting pigments

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5
Q

Protectants for plants and algae against photooxidative damage

A

Carotenoids

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6
Q

2 principal functns of carotenoids in plants

A

Accessory pigments

Coloring matters

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7
Q

2 groups of carotenoids

A

Simple unsaturated hydrocarbons

Xanthophylls

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8
Q

Long chain of 8 isoprene units giving a completely conjugated system of alternate double bonds

A

Lycopene

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9
Q

Source of lycopene

A

Ripe tomato fruit, Lycopersicon esculente (Fam. Solanaceae)

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10
Q

Gives characteristic color of carrots;
Coloring agents;
Antioxidant in humans

A

ß-carotene

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11
Q

Has ß-ring at one end of the chain and an E-type at the other

A

Alpha-carotene

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12
Q

Carotenoid lacking symmetry

A

Alpha-carotene

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13
Q

Precursor of ß-carotene

A

Gamma-carotene

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14
Q

Precursor of alpha-carotene

A

Delta-carotene

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15
Q

Oxygenated derivatives of carotenes

A

Xanthophylls

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16
Q

Hydroxyl groups can exist either free or esterified

A

Hydroxylated carotenoids

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17
Q

Examples of hydroxylated carotenoids

A

Cryptoxanthin
Lutein
Zeaxanthin

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18
Q

Carotenoid pigment with vit. A activity

A

Cryptoxanthins

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19
Q

One of the most widespread carotenoid alcohols in nature that does not possess vit. A potency;
From egg yolk, nettles, feathers of birds

A

Lutein

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20
Q

Occurs together with lutein;
From yellow corn;
No vit. A potency

A

Zeaxanthin

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21
Q

Lycopene derivatives substituted at position 1

A

Methoxylated carotenoids

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22
Q

Example of methoxylated carotenoid

A

Rhodovibrin

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23
Q

Examples of oxocarotenoids

A

Capsanthin

Rhodoxanthin

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24
Q

Responsible for the brilliant red pigment of peppers

A

Capsanthin

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25
Q

Source of capsanthin

A

Capsicum annuum L. (Fam. Solanaceae)

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26
Q

Other name for rhodoxanthin

A

Retrodehydro-ß-carotene

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27
Q

Isolated from arils of Taxus baccata and feathers of birds

A

Rhodoxanthin

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28
Q

Exists in nature as 5,6- and 5,8 epoxides

A

Epoxycarotenoids

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29
Q

Examples of epoxycarotenoids

A

Violaxanthin
Flavoxanthin
Luteochromes

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30
Q

Carotenoid with 5,6-epoxide

A

Violaxanthin

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31
Q

Source of violaxanthin

A

Yellow pansies, Viola tricolor

32
Q

Carotenoid with 5,8-epoxide

A

Flavoxanthin

33
Q

Source of flavoxanthin

A

Ranunculus acris L. (Fam. Ranunculaceae)

34
Q

Contains both 5,6- and 5,8-epoxide

A

Luteochrome

35
Q

Other name for luteochrome

A

ß,ß-carotene diepoxide

36
Q

Source of luteochrome

A

Ipomoea batatas Lam.

37
Q

Carotenoids without ring structure;

Carboxylated carotenoids

A

Carboxycarotenoids

38
Q

Carotenoid carboxylic acid used as natural food colorant

A

Bixin

39
Q

Trans form of bixin

A

Isobixin

40
Q

Source of bixin

A

Bixa orellana L. (Fam. Bixaceae)

41
Q

Source of isobixin

A

Aristolochia cymbifera Mart. (Fam. Aristolochiaceae)

42
Q

Carotenoid dicarboxylic acid

A

Crocetin

43
Q

Source of crocetin

A

Crocus luteus Lam. (Fam. Iridaceae)

44
Q

Plays a key role in vision and controlling animal growth

A

Vitamin A

45
Q

Rich sources of vitamin A

A

Cod-live oil

Halibut-liver oil

46
Q

Vitamin A1

A

Retinol

47
Q

Vitamin A2

A

Dehydroretinol

48
Q

Act as signaling molecules which regulate diverse aspects of cell differentiation, embryonic dev’t, growth and vision

A

Vitamin A

49
Q

A red visual pigment which is light-sensitive

A

Rhodopsin

50
Q

Has a diterpene structure;

Cleavage occurs in mucosal cell of intestines

A

Retinol

51
Q

Catalyze cleavage in mucosal cells to yield aldehyde

A

Oxygen-dependent dioxygenase

52
Q

Reduction of aldehyde yields ____

A

Alcohol

53
Q

Light-absorbing pigment molecule

A

11-cis retinal

54
Q

Why is 11-cis retinal a powerful absorber?

A

Because it is a polyene

55
Q

2 types of cleavage

A

Central

Excentric

56
Q

Converts ß-carotene into 2 molecules of retinal;

Occurs in central double bond

A

Central cleavage

57
Q

Cleavage occuring at other double bonds

A

Excentric cleavage

58
Q

Analogue of retinol containing a cyclohexadiene ring system

A

Dehydroretinol

59
Q

Denydroretinol + opsin

A

Porphyropsin

60
Q

Visual pigment in freshwater fish

A

Porphyropsin

61
Q

Vit. A + opsin

A

Rhodopsin

62
Q

Derivatives of retinol which act like steroid hormones

A

Retinoids

63
Q

Interacts with specific receptor proteins in the cell nucleus;
Ligand-receptor complexes bind to specific DNA sequences where they control transcription

A

Retinoids

64
Q

Other name for tretinoin

A

Retinoic acid

65
Q

Other name for isotretinoin

A

13-cis-retinoic acid

66
Q

Retinoids used as topical or oral treatments for acne vulgaris

A

Tretinoin and isotretinoin

67
Q

Aromatic analogues of vit. A which can give relief in severe cases of psoriasis

A

Acitrein and etretinate

68
Q

Plant growth regulator derived in plants by an indirect route which involves oxidative cleavage of a carotenoid

A

Abscisic acid

69
Q

Major precursor of abscisic acid

A

All-trans-violaxanthin

70
Q

1000 to 100,000 isoprene units

A

Rubber

71
Q

Possess an extended array of cis double bond

A

Rubber

72
Q

Source of rubber

A

Hevea brasiliensis (Fam. Euphorbiaceae)

73
Q

Higher terpenoid with trans double bond

A

Gutta Percha

74
Q

Source of Gutta Percha

A

Palaquim gutta (Fam. Sapotaceae)

75
Q

Represented by carotenoids

A

Tetraterpenes

Ph Ch 128 3rd Exam (4 decks)

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