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Cognitive Neuroscience > Methods Slides > Flashcards

Methods Slides Flashcards

1
Q

the brain works through __

A

neuronal signaling

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2
Q

neurons that ___

A

fire together wire together

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3
Q

associations can be ____

A

spatial or temporal

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4
Q

all neuronal change is ultimately caused by the ___

A

environment (including the body

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5
Q

what is a mental representation?

A

a pattern of neural activation that is affected by weighting

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6
Q

weighting is based on ___

A

prior experience and context (aka present experience)

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7
Q

weighting can be changed by

A

context

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8
Q

what are the 3 levels of representations

A

visual, sound, category

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9
Q

vascular disorders (cause of neurological dysfunction)

A

brain needs a continuous supply of oxygen - vascular disorder disrupts this

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10
Q

angiography (cause of neurological dysfunction)

A

visualize distribution of blood

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11
Q

4 types of cerebral vascular accidents (strokes)

A

occlusion
ischemia
cerebral hemorrhage
aneurism

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12
Q

occlusion

A

atherosclerosis embolism

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13
Q

ischemia

A

can be caused by blockage or drop in blood pressure

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14
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding in brain due to burst blood vessels - sudden rise in blood pressure

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15
Q

aneurism

A

weak spot or distension in a blood vessel - can expand or burst

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16
Q

tumors

A

a mass of tissue that grows abnormally and has no function

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17
Q

difference between benign and malignant tumor

A

benign tumors do not grow back

malignant tumors likely to return and distribute

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18
Q

most tumors form from…

A

glia - but other grey matter tumors also form

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19
Q

closed traumatic brain injury

A

mechanical forces damage the brain

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20
Q

5 causes of neurological dysfunction

A
  1. cerebral vascular accident
  2. tumors
  3. degenerative or infection diseases
  4. traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  5. Epilepsy
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21
Q

epilepsy

A

excessive and abnormally patterned activity in the brain

-can range in severity and frequency

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22
Q

coup TBI

A

injury in which the brain damage occurs on the same side as the site of impact

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23
Q

contre coup TBI

A

injury in which the brain damage occurs on the opposite side as the site of impact

24
Q

single dissociation

A

one patient group shows impairment on a task relative to controls

25
Q

double dissociation

A

two patient groups show impairments on two different tasks

26
Q

problems with double dissociation

A

cannot claim due to general effects of brain damage because both groups have brain damage
-cannot claim difficulty, concentration, attention

27
Q

ways to go around problems with double dissociation

A
  • choose patients with same damage and study behaviour

- choose patients with same behavioural deficit

28
Q

downsides of using lesioned patients

A

variability among patients
lesion can affect more than one structure
input/output from site also damaged
brain = massively interconnected. what does a small lesion tell us?
significant plasticity

29
Q

methods to disrupt neural function (2)

A
  • use of drugs

- brain stimulation

30
Q

benefit of using pharmacology

A

can gain insights into NT actions by administering drugs that are known to affect function

31
Q

4 types of brain stimulation

A
  1. electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
  2. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  3. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
  4. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
32
Q

ECT

A

electroconvulsive shock therapy

-electrical currents are passed through the brain causing brief seizures

33
Q

main use of ECT

A

treatment for depression - though researchers are not quite sure how it works

34
Q

TMS

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

  • use rapidly changing magnetic field to induce electrical impulses
  • single pulse or repetitive
  • current flows in opposite directions and converges on the center where the current summates
35
Q

uses of TMS

A

virtual lesions

therapy

36
Q

single pulse

A

“virtual lesions”

  • short monophasic electrical pulse to the brain that lasts .2 seconds
  • effective area of stimulation is not focual
37
Q

inference with function

A
  1. prevent activity by silencing neurons

2. add noise to ongoing activity

38
Q

rTMS

A
  • repetitive pulses
  • effects can last 30-60 minutes
  • can also increase motor reaction times
39
Q

therapeutic uses of rTMS

A

treatment for major depression

  • more effective than drugs, less than ECT
  • not very common
40
Q

tDCS

A
  • transcranial direct current stimulation
  • changes cortical excitability by constant, weak electrical current
  • can excite or inhibit depending on polarity of current
  • changes can last for hours
  • portable
41
Q

when tDCS is applied to stroke patients…

A

they have an increased use of limbs and increased activity in damaged cortex

42
Q

DBS

A

deep brain stimulation

-stimulator is implanted in regions known to affect behaviours

43
Q

treatment uses of DBS

A
  • parkinsons (tremors, motor disabilities)

- testing for treatment of depression and schizophrenia

44
Q

structural imaging techniques

A

x-ray
MRI
CT (computerized tomography)

45
Q

how does xray work

A

pass xrays through skull to be absorbed by diff tissues to dif degrees

46
Q

CT

A

computerized tomography
produces 3d image of brain
similar process to xray but more specific

47
Q

EEG

A

electroencphalography

  • way to measure neuronal firing patterns
  • continuous recording of overall brain activity
48
Q

MRI

A

non invasive neuroimaging technique
uses radio waves in a magnetic field
completely safe
good spatial resolution, no temporal resolution

49
Q

RF pulse

A

used in MRI to mess with the protons which creates a signal that can be measured

50
Q

what is measured in the MRI?

A

the different relaxation rates of protons in different tissues

51
Q

diffusion tensor imaging

A

measures axon tracts - same set up as MRI

uses diffusion characteristics of water

52
Q

ERP

A 
event-related potentials
-measures brain activity during a particular task
average signal during stimulus event
poor spatial localization
good temporal resolution
53
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography

  • uses magnetic signals instead of electrical signals
  • better spatial resolution than EEG
  • can only localize signals parallel to skull surface
54
Q

electrocortigram

A

similar to EEG but electrodes are placed directly on brain

55
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

PET
measures local variation in cerebral blood flow
-measures radioactive tracer

56
Q

BOLD

A

blood oxygenation level dependent signal

-what is measured in fMRI

57
Q

limitations of PET and fMRI

A

poor temporal resolution
correlations not causations
neural systems not areas

Cognitive Neuroscience (4 decks)

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