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History Crime and Punishment > Methods of Punishment > Flashcards

Methods of Punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

In the Medieval Era someone must be found…before they can be punished

A

Guilty

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2
Q

How did they determine if someone was guilty or not in the Medieval Era

A

Trials

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3
Q

5 examples of trials in Medieval Era

A

Trial by…
blessed bread
Cold water
Hot iron
Hot water
Jury

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4
Q

Punishments have both a nature and what

A

Purpose

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5
Q

5 types of nature of punishment

A

Corporal (inflict pain)
Capital (execute)
Humiliation
Exclusion
Compensatory

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6
Q

5 types of purpose of punishment

A

Deterrence
Reform
Maintain law and order
Protection
Retribution (revenge)

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7
Q

True or false, punishments in the medieval era were very harsh

A

True

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8
Q

3 main types of punishment used in Medieval era
(All punishments were harsh and aimed at deterring others from committing similar crimes)

A

Whipping (variety of minor crimes like not going to church)
Stocks and pillory (minor crimes like drunkenness)
Mutilation e.g chop off hands (theft/ regular offenders)

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9
Q

True or false, in both the Medieval era and 16th and 17th century punishment for minor crimes were harsh

A

True

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10
Q

True or false, both the Medieval Era and 16th/17th century used harsh punishment for minor crimes + execution, the stocks and pillory

A

True
These took place in public to deter others for committing similar crimes + act as humiliation

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11
Q

What punishment was specific to Vagabonds in 16th/ 17th century

A

Burning hole in ear with hot iron and being branded with a V
(Following Vagabonds Act 1572)

(Type of mutilation punishment)

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12
Q

When were harsh public punishments used up to

A

1800s (19th century)

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13
Q

By 1815 how many crimes were punishable by death

A

225
(Known as the bloody code due to its harshness)

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14
Q

What was the Bloody Code

A

Where by 1815 there were 225 capital crimes punishable by death- its name is due to its harshness

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15
Q

Example of where public executions took place (up to late 19th century when they were banned)

A

Tyburn, London

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16
Q

When did transportation start

A

Late 1600s

Following Act of 1678 where convicts were sent to British colonies like North America

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17
Q

Why was transportation introduced from 1678

A

Hanging felt too harsh/ extreme
Reduce crime rate and protect society if criminals removed

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18
Q

Between 1717 and 1776 how many prisoners were transported to America

A

Over 30,000

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19
Q

When were hulks used as a form of punishment and what were they

A

Late 1700s (1776) after the American war of independence
Hulks acted as emergency prisons so were overcrowded with terrible conditions

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20
Q

What % of prisoners died in prison hulks

A

25%
Due to unhygienic conditions and outbreaks of violence

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21
Q

When did the 2nd lot of transportation start and why

A

1788
After Captain Cook discovered Australia

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22
Q

When transportation was used for the 2nd time, how many convicts were sent to Australia each year

A

2,000 on average

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23
Q

When did all transportation stop by

A

End of 1800s (19th century)

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24
Q

When did prison reform start to happen

A

End of 1800s when transportation ended so prisons were overcrowded with appalling conditions
(But some of the key individual prison reformers started to campaign from the end of the 1700s)

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25
Q

3 key prison reformers in 18th and 19th century after end of transportation

A

John Howard
George O Paul
Elizabeth Fry

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26
Q

One major step in prison reform (act passed)

A

Gaols Act 1823
(Prisoners follow certain reform programme, sanitary conditions, JPs inspect prions on regular basis etc)

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27
Q

2 different systems used in prisons in 19th century

A

Separate system
Silent system

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28
Q

Facts about separate system

A

System used in prisons in 1800s
Reform prisoners through isolation and complete work like making boots
Gives time for prisoners to reflect on mistakes and learn from them e.g Pentonville prison

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29
Q

Facts about Silent system

A

Used in 1800s
Aim to make life as unpleasant as possible and hate prison so much that they didn’t reoffend
Work boring and pointless e.g the treadwheel (revolving staircase which prisoners walked on for several hours)

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30
Q

Were the separate and silent systems in prisons in the 1800s effective or not

A

No
Didn’t lower reoffending rates + high suicide and insanity rates
Therefore further prison reform occurred to impose strict punishment not reform

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31
Q

When were borstals set up

A

1908

32
Q

What age group were borstals used for

A

Young offenders
It focused on education

33
Q

When did open prisons emerge

A

1900s

34
Q

What alternative punishments to prisons (apart from borstals which were like a prison alternative to educate young offenders) emerged in the 1900s

A

Probation (criminals remain in community but regularly report back to police)
Community service (unpaid work and benefits community e.g litter picking)
Parole (prisoners released before end of sentence if they show good behaviour)
Electronic tagging (whilst offenders aren’t prisoned where they can move is limited and all their activities are tracked by the police)

35
Q

When is the fist time prisoners are punished through reform not deterrence/ retribution etc

A

18th and 19th century during prison reform

36
Q

Timeline of punishment for all time periods

A

100% Harsh punishment up to 19th century
- flogging, mutilation, stocks and pillary including the Bloody Code in 19th century and transportation from 17th to 19th century

Prisons start properly being used in 19th century when transportation ends but prisoners are given chance to reform
3 key prison reformers
Separate and silent system

20th century introduces borstals then open prisons, still about reforming criminals
Lastly alternatives to prisons start being used e.g probation and community service

37
Q

Punishment in medieval era

A

Medieval era= very harsh physical punishment (corporal punishment)
Includes flogging, stocks and pillory, mutilation.
Flogging is used for variety of offences including not attending church, stealing goods worth less than a shilling and for beggars which was a punishment that involved beating and acted as a form of retribution- served as revenge for the criminal
Stocks and pillory was where the criminal would be put in a wooden frame with holes for their head and hands/ feet and members of the public could watch the criminal suffer including insult them and throw things at them. This aimed to deter others from committing the crime and was used to punish offenders of minor crimes e.g drunkenness, swearing and dishonest trading like selling underweight goods.
Regular offenders as well as criminals who took part in theft could receive mutilation where part of their body was severely damaged e.g having their hand cut off.

38
Q

3 main types of punishment in medieval era

A

Stocks and pillory
Whipping/ flogging
Mutilation

Also public execution

39
Q

What is flogging

A

Beating

40
Q

In the medieval era, the 3 main forms of punishment were flogging/ whipping, sticks and pillory and mutilation. These were all forms of what type of punishment

A

Corporal

41
Q

In the medieval era what offences was flogging/ whipping used for

A

Variety of offences e.g refusing to attend church, stealing goods worth less than a shilling, beggars

42
Q

What was the stocks

A

Wooden frame with holes for criminal’s feet so they would be trapped in place
Was a public punishment so criminals could get insulted/ stuff thrown at them

43
Q

What was the pillory

A

A wooden frame with holes for head and hands used as public punishment where criminal could be insulted and have things to.g stones thrown at them

44
Q

In the medieval era what offences was the stocks and pillory used for

A

Minor crimes like drunkenness, swearing and dishonest trading e.g selling underweight goods

45
Q

In the medieval era the stocks and pillory was used for minor crimes like… , …. and…

A

Drunkenness
Swearing
Dishonest trading e.g selling underweight goods

46
Q

In the medieval era, the stocks and pillory was used for minor crimes like drunkenness, swearing and dishonest trading e.g…

A

Selling underweight goods

47
Q

When did public punishment e.g stocks, pillory and flogging/ whipping end

A

Ended in 1800s

48
Q

In the late Medieval era, 16th and 17th century, crimes punishable by execution included…

A

Murder
Treason
Arson
Counterfeiting
Some minor crimes e.g theft of goods worth over a shilling

49
Q

In the late medieval era, 16th century and 17th century, crimes punishable by execution included a…, m…., c….,t……and minor crimes like theft of goods worth over …..

A

Arson
Murder
Treason
Counterfeiting
1 shilling

50
Q

Public executions occurred from the medieval era up to the 1800s.
During the 1500s (Tudor era) what main crimes were people executed for

A

Political and religious
E.g Mary Queen of Scots burned nearly 300 Protestants at the stake for not following her Catholic beliefs
E.g Mary Queen of Scot’s was found guilty of treason so executed in 1587 following her plotting to kill Elizabeth 1

51
Q

During the 1500s (tutor period) the main crimes punishable by execution were religious and political. 2 key examples of this are when …..burns….at the stake and where Mary Queen of Scots is executed in…..after plotting to kill Elizabeth 1 and therefore taking part in treason

A

Mary 1
Nearly 300
1587

52
Q

By 1815 there are….crimes punishable by death

A

225

53
Q

By ….there are 225 crimes punishable by death

A

1815

54
Q

What is a capital crime

A

A crime punishable by the death penalty (crimes punishable by death and by 1815 there were 225 of these)

55
Q

What name is given to where by 1815 there were 225 crime punishable by death

A

Bloody code
Or ‘The Criminal Code’

56
Q

The criminal code or ‘Bloody code’ refers to what

A

Where by 1815 there were 225 crimes punishable by death

57
Q

What year were public executions banned

A

1868

58
Q

What was banned in 1868

A

Public executions

59
Q

True or false, after 1868 executions still occured

A

True
However not publicly (they had to take place inside prisons) as public executions were banned in 1868

60
Q

A type of mutilation punishment in the 16th and 17th century specific to vagabonds was…

A

Being branded with a V
Burning hole in ear

61
Q

Main types of punishment used in 1500s and 1600s (16th and 17th century)

A

Public execution (crimes punishable by execution included arson, treason, murder, counterfeiting and theft of goods worth over a shilling e.g Mary Queen of Scots burnt nearly 300 heretics at the stake and Elizebeth 1 had Mary Queen of Scot’s executed in 1587 after her involvement in treason)

Mutilation specific to vagabonds- branded with V and had hole burnt in ear

During 1500s (Tudor period) JPs set up houses of correction (Bridewells) which was the first form of any prison created (no prisons in medieval era) where persistent beggars were kept and given supervised work in order to reform.

There were 14 prisons in London in the 1500s but they were used to hold criminals before they would go on to be punished e.g executed after being found guilty

1678 transportation to America begins

62
Q

During the 1500s is the first time prisons are used (to hold suspects before they then went on to be trialled and punished or released) and there are…..prisons in London

A

14

63
Q

Name for prisons set up in 1500s by JPs

A

Houses of correction
(Bridewells)

64
Q

Another name for houses of correction set up in 1500s by JPs to provided supervised work for persistent beggars in order to reform them

A

Bridewells

65
Q

Another name for Bridewells

A

Houses of correction

66
Q

Houses of correction (Bridewells) were set up by…in the 1500s and provided supervised work for persistent beggars in order to reform them

A

JPs

67
Q

When is the first time prisons are used as punishment

A

1500s
JPs set up houses of correction (Bridewells) to reform persistent beggars by providing supervised work
There are 14 prisons in London

68
Q

What was the Gaols Act of 1823 (major step in prison reform)

A

JPs visit prisons regularly to inspect prisons
Prisoners follow reform programme
Prisoners must be in secure and sanitary conditions

69
Q

When was the time were prisons were in the most awful conditions (which then stimulated a series of reform acts/ individual reformers) and why

A

1776
Transportation to America ended
Prisons way too overcrowded, had terrible conditions, 25% prisoners died including from jail fever

70
Q

What year did John Howard carry out a survey of prisons where he found that prisoners weren’t separated by the type of crimes they had committed and there were terrible diseases like jail fever

A

1776

71
Q

Borstals were set up for young offenders in 1908 and focused on education instead of punishment. How long were they used for

A

Not very long
Abolished by 1982

(Lasted less than 100 years)

72
Q

Borstals were set up for young offenders in 1908 and focused on education instead of punishment. How long were they used for

A

Not very long
Abolished by 1982

(Last less than 100 years)

73
Q

When we’re young offenders institutions set up and what was their aim

A

1988
Reform violent young offenders
Have secure training centres
Prevent reoffending through education and rehabilitation

74
Q

3 key changes to type of prisons in 1900s e.g types of prison alternatives set up

A

Borstals set up 1908 for young offenders focusing on reform through education instead of punishment) (were abolished 1982)

Young Offender’s Institution- set up 1988 to reform violent young offenders with secure training centres to prevent reoffending through education and rehabilitation

Open prisons following WW2- for non violent prisons to gradually reintroduce them back into the community

75
Q

3 key changes to type of prisons in 1900s e.g types of prison alternatives set up

A

Borstals set up 1908 for young offenders focusing on reform through education instead of punishment) (were abolished 1982)

Young Offender’s Institution- set up 1988 to reform violent young offenders with secure training centres to prevent reoffending through education and rehabilitation

Open prisons following WW2- for non violent prisons to gradually reintroduce them back into the community

76
Q

Who abolished 100 different types of crime in the bloody code in 1823

A

Robert Peel

History Crime and Punishment (7 decks)

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