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Tests Prep WiSe2022 > Methods of Product Development > Flashcards

Methods of Product Development Flashcards

1
Q

Whats a “Design Problem”?

A

Something that describes a situation in which a design goal is to be achieved, but the way to get there isnt known.

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2
Q

What is “Design”?

A

To identify a solution for a design problem.

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3
Q

What are the steps for Design?

A
  1. Understanding of the problem
  2. Asking the right Questions.
  3. Providing answers.
  4. Finding a solution

(It is often an iterative process, answers lead to more questions)

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4
Q

Where are the Challenges for Design?

A

-Market-related (Customers, technology, competition, VUCA)
-Design-related (Durability, Comfort, Safety)
-Designer-related (Human Limitations)
-Combined Challenges (Uncertainty, Dilemma of Product Development)

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5
Q

What is VUCA?

A

Volatility Uncertainty Complexity Ambiguity. Part of Market-Related Challenges of Design.

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6
Q

Whats the Dilemma of Product Development?

A

In the beginning there are many possibilities to change design but little information, while at the end there is lots of information and little way to change the design.

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7
Q

What is a Model?

A

A simplified representation of something original.

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8
Q

What is a Method?

A

A set of specific actions to be carried out in order to achieve a certain goal

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9
Q

What is a Procedure Model?

A

A coarse descrption of a development process according to a particular design approach

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10
Q

What is the difference between a Method and a Procedure Model?

A

Method: Micro View, “HOW?”, Operative
Procedure Model: Macro View, “WHAT?”, Result-oriented, Tool for planning, organizing, controlling.

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11
Q

What is a Design Variable?

A

an attribute that can be adjusted by the designer in order to reach a design goal.

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12
Q

What is a Design Parameter?

A

a “frozen” design variable, it cannot be modified by the designer.

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13
Q

Difference between Design- and Solution- space?

A

Design Space: Set of Designs that are o be considered as solution candidates (Not yet a solution).
Solution Space: Set of Designs that are solutions.

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14
Q

What are the General Phases of a Product Development Process?

A

1.- Unstructured Design Space (planning)
2.- Semi-Structured Design Space (Concept Development, System-level Design)
3.- Structured Design Space (Detail Design, Testing and Refinement)

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15
Q

Whats the QFD Method?

A

Quality Function Deployment. Used to translate the customer’s view into the engineer’s view

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16
Q

What is a SWOT Analysis?

A

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats.
Where Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors, and Opportunities and Threats are external factors.

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17
Q

What are the steps to implement SWOT?

A

1.- Identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
2.- Combine strengths and weaknesses each with opportunities and threats.

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18
Q

Whats the difference between Bench-marking I and II?

A

Benchmarking I (Positioning): How the own product is positioned relative to competitors products. Design goals for own product. “What properties should our product have?”

Benchmarking II (Reverse Engineering): Detailed knowledge of competitors product solutions. Identification of the best-in-class solutions. “How was the design problem solved?”

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19
Q

What is Storytelling?

A

Storyboard regarding the use cases, functionalities, etc. of the product.

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20
Q

What are the First 5 Steps inside a House of Quality (QFD analysis)?

A

1.- Customer Attributes (From 1-10)(Absolute/Relative Customer importance ACI RCI).
2.- Comparison of competitors products performance vs. own (Need for improvement, Sales priority factor, Total Weight and RCI).
3.- Technical attributes that support requirements (Direction of improvement)
4.- Relationship Matrix (Technical attribute vs. Customer Requirements, and Absolute/Relative Attribute Importance AAI RAI) (0, 3, or 9)
5.- Correlation Matrix (between different technical attributes)(+,++,-,–)

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21
Q

What are the steps 6-10 inside a House of Quality (QFD analysis)?

A

6.-Technical competitive assessment (Check plausibility of the assessment)
7.- Estimate target Design values for technical product attributes.
8.- Estimate technical difficulty to achieve target values.
9.- Define priority of technical attributes for development (What is easier to implement with the most results?)
10.- What is the best way to improve the product? (High RCI, Low Difficulty)

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22
Q

What are the different types of organizational Structures?

A

-Functional Organization: Grouping by competence and experience (Marketing, engineering, production)
-Project Organization: Grouping by development goal, product (Different resources working towards a project).
-Matrix Organization: Both project and function organization at the same time, individuals generally have more than 1 supervisor.

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23
Q

What is the difference between Top-down and Bottom-up view?

A

Top-down: First looking at the big picture and move to the details.
Bottom-up: First look at the details and move up to the big picture.

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24
Q

What is a INUS condition?

A

Insufficient but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition.

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25
Q

What is the Solution Spaces method?

A

Graphs of early requirements that produces a solution space (where the requirements are met). The goal is to generate explicit INUS conditions.

26
Q

What are the 2 definitions for “Function”?

A

1.-Something that describes the behavior of a system (What does the system do?)
2.- Something that is a task or purpose of a system (What is the system supposed to do?)

27
Q

Whats Flow-Oriented Function Modelling?

A

A method used to identify the flow of functions that are necessary to reach the design goal. Flow of energy, information, materials.

28
Q

What is Relation-Oriented Function Modelling?

A

A method used to obtain the model of relevant functions that are necessary to reach design goal, but in this case identifying if the functions are useful or harmful.

29
Q

What types of graphs are there?

A

Undirected graph, Directed graph with cycles, Undirected OR Directed graph (Tree), Directed Tree, Poly-hierarchy.

30
Q

Whats is DSM?

A

Design Structure Matrix. Used to obtain a matrix with stored information about elements and relations. Identifying if something influences OR depends on something else.

31
Q

What does Clustering in the DSM consist of?

A

Separating the highly connected elements from the rarely connected ones, and adjusting the matrix to have clusters of interactions

32
Q

What is the 6-3-5 Method for Brainwriting?

A

6 people, 3 ideas each, 5 minutes. Starts with each person writing 3 ideas in a piece of paper, after 5 minutes the pieces of paper a rotated between the people to add or develop the previous persons ideas. This is repeated until each paper has been passed to all 6 persons (6 iterations)

33
Q

What is TRIZ?

A

Theory of Inventive Problem Solving. Consists in a way to systematically analyze problems and generate creative solutions. It analyzes Contradictions, Ideality, Inventive Principles, and Trends of Evolution.

34
Q

What is DMM?

A

Domain Mapping Matrix. a Relationship Matrix that represents the link between elements from 2 different domains. Helps understand the connectivity between different domains in a system.

35
Q

Difference between DSM and DMM?

A

DSM is used to analyze inter-dependencies between components while DMM is used to map relationships between domains or aspects of a system or process.

36
Q

What is the difference between Temporal and Static DSMs?

A

Static: Interdependencies between components at a single point in time, without information about the order or timing of events.
Temporal: Interdepedencies between components over time, helpful to analyze inefficiencies, bottlenecks, sequencing, etc.

37
Q

What is Sequencing of a DSM?

A

Used to identify the existence of feedback loops in a system, and the sequence of events necessary for the system to function properly.

38
Q

What is a ADG?

A

Attribute Dependency Graph. Used to represent the dependency structure of attributes in a system. Helps identify potential causes of a problem.

39
Q

What is a Morphological Chart?

A

Ordering scheme for functions and partial solutions which can be combined into concepts.

40
Q

What is a Pareto-optimal design?

A

A design for which no “Pareto Improvement” is possible. So no attribute can be improved without making another worse.

41
Q

What is a Basic Utility Evaluation?

A

A matrix that helps rank the solution alternatives according to their utility value. (Graph with rankings of specific attributes of the system between different possible solutions and weight of these attributes)

42
Q

What is the difference between Basic and Extended Utility Evaluation?

A

Extended Evaluation is a more comprehensive and detailed method which makes use of mathematical functions (rating functions) to obtain the rating values.
Basic Utility Evaluation is a more subjective approach, in which the evaluator decides both the weight and ranking of each design solution.

43
Q

What is FMEA?

A

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Systematic method used to identify potential failures or risks associated with a product or process design, and to prioritize actions to prevent or mitigate those failures.

44
Q

Steps to implement FMEA?

A

1.- Establish Product Structure. (System structure)
2.- Assign Functions. (Function List on System Structure)
3.- Identify Failure Candidates. (Failure Tree)
4.- Assess Risks. (RPN-SeverityxOccurrencexDetection)
5.- Define Actions.

45
Q

How can RPN be reduced?

A

By reducing the Occurrence of the failure, the Severity, or augmenting the potential Detection.

46
Q

What are the different types of Prototypes?

A

Product, Process, Service/Experience.

47
Q

How are prototypes divided according to Purpose?

A

Exploration prototyping, Evaluation Prototyping, and Communication Prototyping,

48
Q

Phases in the Development Process

A

-Planning (Target, Constraints, etc.)
-Concept Development (Selection, Requirements, Competition)
-System-Level Design (Architecture, Subsystems requirements)
-Detail Design (Geometry specs, Production plan, Costs).
-Testing and Refinement (Evaluation, Construction)
-Production Ramp-Up (Make, Train, Evaluate, Launch)

49
Q

What are some options of the Evaluation Stage of Product Development?

A

1.- Pareto Optimality
2.- Basic/Extended Utility Evaluation
3.- Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
4- Prototyping.

50
Q

What are some options for the Solutions stage of Product Development?

A

1.- TRIZ methods
2.- Quantitative Models
3.- Product Family Design
4.- Systematic Variation

51
Q

What are some of the different types of Procedure Models available?

A
  • Stage Gate Models
  • V-Model
  • Solution Space Engineering
  • Munich Procedure Model
52
Q

What is the Difference between Lean and Agile Philosophies?

A

Lean: Minimize waste, Flexible Production lines, Maximize Productivity.
Agile: Prioritizes incremental feedback driven changes, High flexibility for customized products, People over Processes.

53
Q

Difference between Philosophy and Methodology?

A

A philosophy tells you what to do, but not how to do it.
A methodology informs on how to implement a philosophy in an efficient way.

54
Q

What is KanBan?

A

A visual Framework used to implement Lean development. Made up of Swim Lanes (To Do, In Progress, Testing, Done)

55
Q

What is SCRUM?

A

A Framework for implementing the Agile Philosophy. Consists of Sprints (Fixed iterations), and at the end of each sprint team members meet to plan next steps.

56
Q

What is the Design Thinking Philosophy?

A

Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test. Cycle. To explore the problem and find ways to solve problems.

57
Q

What are the basic formulas used in QFD and where should one apply them? (N, TW, AAI, RCI)

A
  • Need For Improvement (N) = Target Value / Actual Value of Own Product
  • Total Weight (TW) = ACI x N x S where S = Sales Priority Factor
    Both to be used in the Competitor assessment.

-AAI = SUM(a x TW) where a is the attribute importance value
To be used in the Attribute matrix

RCI and TWrel = Absolute/ sum of absolutes

58
Q

Good Single Requirements MUST be…?

A

Singular, Clear and Unambiguous, Verifiable, Feasible, Solution-neutral, Not unnecessarily restrictive, Free of hidden assumptions

59
Q

Good Sets of requirements MUST be?

A

Non-redundant, Consistent, Complete, Without Unnecessary Conflicts

60
Q

What is Relation-Oriented function Modelling and when can it be used? Describe arrows?

A

Modelling of functions based on the distinction between being harmful and useful. It is to be used in early stages of development, when the full focus is still unclear. When there is risk of focusing on existing solution, losing the “what not how”.
Arrows:
- Full arrow: Useful to Useful function
- Dotted arrow: Useful to Harmful and Harmful to Harmful
- Non-Arrow Line: Useful to Harmful (To avoid)

Tests Prep WiSe2022 (6 decks)

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