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The Medicine 2 - Sem 2 > Methods of formulation > Flashcards

Methods of formulation Flashcards

1
Q

To be classified as a colloid, the particles must not settle under gravity. True or false?

A

True

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2
Q

What is the difference between a disperse system, a colloidal suspension and a coarse suspension?

A

a dispersed system is made from a dispersed/internal phase (particles or droplets) dispersed in another component ( continuous phase), a colloidal suspension is used between 1nm- 1um & coarse suspension above 1um

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3
Q

What are the 3 purification methods of disperse systems?

A

dialysis, ultrafiltration & electrodialysis

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4
Q

What is a sol?

A

A colloid suspension of solid particles in a liquid

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5
Q

An emulsion is a mixture of two solids. True or false?

A

False

Two liquids

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6
Q

How is a foam formed?

A

when many gas particles are trapped in a liquid or solid

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7
Q

An aerosol contains small particles of liquid or solid dispersed in a gas, True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

What is meant by a lyophobic colloid?

A

solvent hating

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9
Q

What is meant by a lyophilic colloid?

A

Solvent loving

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10
Q

Lyophilic sols exhibit low viscosity. True or false?

A

False

High viscosity

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11
Q

Are the particles in a lyophilic sol symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

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12
Q

Lyophilic particles are stable to addition of electrolytes. True or false?

A

True

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13
Q

Lyophobic sols exhibit high viscosity. True or false?

A

False

Low viscosity

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14
Q

Lyophobic sols contain symmetrical particles. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

Lyophobic sols are sensitive to the addition of electrolytes. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

How are lyophobic dispersion systems formed?

A

The dispersion of oil in water

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17
Q

What is meant by dispersion?

A

The breakdown of coarse material by colloid mills or ultrasonic treatment

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18
Q

What is the stability of an emulsion assessed by and how can it be increased?

A

visualization & by monitoring particle size over time. Can be increased by reducing droplet size, decreasing density differences & increasing viscosity of continuous phase

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19
Q

Condensation involves the slow production of a supersaturated solution of the colloidal material under conditions that cause formation of colloidal particles and not a precipitate. True or false?

A

False

Fast production

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20
Q

What are random zig zag collisions a result of?

A

X

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21
Q

At what size will particles sediment under gravity?

A

0.5 micrometres or more

22
Q

Particles less than 0.5 micrometres have to be sedimented by centrifugation. True or false?

A

True

23
Q

What are flocs?

A

Aggregates with an open structure

24
Q

Majority of gels are formed by aggregation of colloidal sol particles. True or false?

A

True

25
Q

What is a gel containing no liquid called?

A

A xerogel composed of charged particles and form gels by flocculation

26
Q

Bentonite is a clay. What are clays composed of and how do they turn into gels?

A

Composed of charged particles and form gels by flocculation

27
Q

Which type of bonds hold type 1 gels together?

A

Covalent

28
Q

Which type of bonds hold type 2 gels together?

A

Weak bonds like H bonds

29
Q

Type 1 gels are heat reversible. True or false?

A

False, irreversible

30
Q

Type 1 gels swell in water and dissolve. True or false?

A

false, do not dissolve due to stabilizing links

31
Q

Type 2 gels are heat reversible. What is meant by this?

A

On heating or cooling there is a transition from sol to gel and vice versa

32
Q

As temperature is increased, the solubility of type 2 gels increases. True or false?

A

False

Decreases

33
Q

Why does the solubility of type 2 gels decrease as temperature is increased?

A

Because type 2 gels form micelles and upon warming, more and more micelles form. The micelles are formed so closely together that movement is prevented and a gel phase is formed

34
Q

A surfactant is an amphipathic molecule. What is meant by this?

A

It contains both hydrophilic groups and hydrophobic

35
Q

CMC decreases as length of hydrocarbon chain increases. True or false?

A

True

36
Q

How can the stability of an emulsion be increased?

A

Reduce globlet size, Decrease density difference, Increase viscosity of continuous phase

37
Q

What particle size is needed for good penetration into the airways?

A

1 - 5 micrometres

38
Q

Aerosol particles above 20 micrometres are deposited in the mouth and throat. True or false?

A

False

More than 10

39
Q

What happens if the aerosol particles are less than 0.5 micrometres?

A

They may be exhaled

40
Q

What is a foam?

A

Dispersion of a gas in a liquid

41
Q

Surfactants are required for the formation of foams and emulsions. True or false?

A

True

42
Q

What are the two ways in which an aerosol can be prepared?

A
  1. dispersion (a pressurized container, active ingredients contained within liquified propellant or additional solvent)
  2. condensation (sample of vapour-saturated gas is subjected to rapid volume expansion, which lowers temp and causes supersaturation)
43
Q

Drugs for treatment of erectile dysfunction can be taken through nasal delivery formulations. True or false?

A

True

44
Q

Give 2 examples of drugs delivered via nasal drug delivery

A

Antihistamines and corticosteroids

45
Q

Give 2 examples of drugs delivered via pulmonary drug delivery

A

bronchodilators (local delivery) & sodium cromoglicate and Isoprenaline (systemic)

46
Q

How long is the nasal cavity?

A

12-14 cm long

47
Q

In the nasal cavity, cilia of the nasal vestibule filter out particles of which diameter?

A

Over 10 micrometres

48
Q

What is the main drug absorption site in the nasal cavity?

A

The epithelium of the nasal turbinates

49
Q

Particles of which diameter are deposited in the nasal cavity?

A

5-10 micrometres

50
Q

What is PecFent and what is it used for?

A

Nasal spray with API Fentanyl used for breakthrough pain in people already receiving opioids on a regular basis

51
Q

All drugs which are orally administered can be given rectally. True or false?

A

True but may not be as effective

52
Q

What are some disadvantages of rectal delivery systems?

A

Not favoured by patients Development of proctitis Slow and sometimes incomplete absorption of drug
Problems with insertion
Short shelf life

The Medicine 2 - Sem 2 (14 decks)

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