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A Level Environmental Science > Methods of Conserving Biodiversity > Flashcards

Methods of Conserving Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are examples of information that is required when setting conservation priorities?

A
  • Species population size
  • Causes of population change
  • Value for money
  • Opportunity for future monitoring
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2
Q

What does IUCN stand for?

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature

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3
Q

What are the 3 main roles of the IUCN?

A
  • Coordinating global conservation data
  • Investing in nature-based solutions
  • Compiling the Red List
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4
Q

What is the IUCN Red List?

A

A list of all species that the IUCN have assessed and categorised based on their vulnerability

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5
Q

How many categories does the Red List have?

A

Nine - Least Concern to Extinct (also Data Deficient and Not Evaluated)

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6
Q

What are some of the factors the IUCN takes into account when categorising a species?

A
  • Population dispersal
  • Threats to survival
  • Population change over 10 years
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7
Q

What are EDGE species?

A

Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species which have few close relatives (e.g. pandas, echidnas)

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8
Q

What are endemic species?

A

Species only found in one geographical area (e.g. kangaroos, glacier bears)

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9
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Species that have a huge influence on their environment/ecosystem which other species rely on for survival (e.g. beavers, grey wolves)

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10
Q

What are flagship species?

A

Species that are well-known and popular which are used to encourage conservation efforts (e.g. Bengal tiger)

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11
Q

How are species legally protected in the UK?

A

The Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981)

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12
Q

How does The Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) protect species?

A
  • Establishes designations
  • Prevents animals from being killed
  • Prevents animals from being injured
  • Prevents uprooting of wild plants
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13
Q

What are some examples of designations in the UK?

A

SSSI, NNR, SAC, SPA, LNR, MNR, MCZ, MPA, Ramsar sites, Natura 2000 sites

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14
Q

What does CITES stand for?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

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15
Q

How does CITES protect species?

A

CITES establishes trade controls to regulate and monitor the trade of species

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16
Q

How is CITES sub-divided?

A

Appendix I and Appendix II

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17
Q

What does CITES Appendix I enforce?

A

A total ban on the trade of species threatened with extinction (except for CBR programmes)

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18
Q

What does CITES Appendix II enforce?

A

A partial ban on the trade of species that may become threatened if further exploitation is unsustainable

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19
Q

Which 3 organisations regulate sustainable exploitation?

A
  • IWC
  • EU CFP
  • ITTO
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20
Q

What does IWC stand for?

A

International Whaling Commission

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21
Q

What does the IWC enforce?

A

A ban on whaling in an effort to support whale populations until they recover

22
Q

What are the 3 special circumstances in which whaling can occur?

A
  • Aboriginal subsistence (e.g. Inuits)
  • Scientific whaling (e.g. Japan)
  • Commercial whaling (e.g. Norway)
23
Q

What does EU CFP stand for?

A

EU Common Fisheries Policy

24
Q

What does the EU CFP enforce?

A

Regulates fishing methods, times, net sizes and quotas for all EU member states

25
Q

What does ITTO stand for?

A

International Tropical Timber Organisation

26
Q

What does the ITTO enforce?

A

Encourages sustainable management of tropical forests and is responsible for 90% of global tropical timber trade

27
Q

What does CBR stand for?

A

Captive Breeding and Release

28
Q

What is the difference between in-situ and ex-situ?

A

In-situ programmes are carried out in the species’ native habitat whereas ex-situ programmes are carried out away from the species’ native habitat

29
Q

How is a species assessed for a CBR programme?

A
  • Threat to population
  • Success of in-situ conservation
  • Genetic diversity of any captive population
  • Realism of keeping a captive population
  • Likelihood of release success
30
Q

What are the 4 reasons why keeping a species in captivity may be difficult?

A
  • Habitat size (e.g. whales)
  • Food requirements
  • Species interdependence (e.g. pollinators)
  • Financial constraints
31
Q

How might breeding success be increased?

A

By providing a large gene pool as well as biotic and abiotic conditions which replicate the species’ original habitat

32
Q

What are the 5 artificial methods of increasing breeding success?

A
  • Artificial insemination
  • Embryo transfer
  • Cryopreservation
  • Micropropogation
  • Animal cloning
33
Q

What factors must be assessed before releasing a species into the wild?

A
  • Sexual maturity
  • Habitat availability
  • Presence of predators and competitors
34
Q

What does hard release mean?

A

Individuals are released with no post-release support (used for species that rely on instincts)

35
Q

What does soft release mean?

A

Individuals are released with post-release support including the provision of food and predator exclusion

36
Q

Which issues do captive-bred individuals face in the wild?

A
  • Lack of survival skills and instincts
  • Recognising poisonous foods
  • Developing hunting skills
  • Recognising predators
37
Q

What is a seed bank?

A

A store for seeds in which they are cryopreserved (e.g. Svalbard Seed Bank)

38
Q

What does CS stand for?

A

Countryside Stewardship (an agri-environmental scheme which provides incentives for farmers to manage their land in an environmentally friendly way)

39
Q

What does CS aim to achieve?

A
  • Protect habitats
  • Maintain/improve biodiversity
  • Reduce chemical use (e.g. pesticides)
40
Q

What is an example of a CS feature?

A

Beetle banks which provide habitats for aphid predators and reduce reliance on pesticides

41
Q

What are examples of unintentional habitat creation?

A
  • Reservoirs
  • Hedgerows
  • Ornamental gardens
42
Q

What are examples of intentional habitat creation?

A
  • Wetlands
  • New woodlands (e.g. Northern Forest)
  • Artificial coral reefs
43
Q

How can desired species be encouraged into a habitat?

A

By altering biotic and abiotic factors

44
Q

What is rewilding?

A

The mass restoration of an ecosystem by allowing nature to repair itself (e.g. Yellowstone National Park - trophic cascade)

45
Q

What features must be taken into account during habitat conservation?

A
  • Habitat area
  • Habitat shape
  • Age structure
  • Ease of colonisation
  • Biological corridors
46
Q

What is cryopreservation?

A

The storage of genetic material by freezing for future use in breeding programmes

47
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

Collecting semen from a male individual and inserting it into a female individual to produce offspring

48
Q

Why is artificial insemination more effective than natural breeding?

A
  • Individuals do not need to be transported between different CBR programmes
  • Avoids the dangers of injury and death in natural mating for large species
  • Avoids the risk of individuals not accepting each other
49
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

Embryos from females of endangered species are collected and fertilised before being implanted into females of a more common species

50
Q

What is micro-propogation?

A

A form of tissue culture where many genetically identical plants are produced from a single parent plant

A Level Environmental Science (22 decks)

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