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A Level Environmental Science > Energy Resources - Conservation > Flashcards

Energy Resources - Conservation Flashcards

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1
Q

How can energy conservation be described?

A
  • Using less energy to perform the same function (efficiency)
  • Reducing wasted energy
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2
Q

How does heat recovery work in an industrial setting?

A
  1. Industrial waste (L/G) is often hot but toxic
  2. Cold, clean L/G can be fed into a heat exchanger and heat energy from the waste is transferred to the new L/G
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3
Q

What is the most important part of heat recovery?

A

The two substances do not mix

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4
Q

How can a heat exchanger be designed?

A
  • Long thin pipes for high SA:V
  • Made of conductive material such as copper
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5
Q

How does insulation work in an industrial setting?

A
  • Heat loss can be reduced by using an outer layer with low thermal conductivity
  • Plastics and textiles
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6
Q

How does high volume storage work in an industrial setting?

A
  • Hot industrial fluids should be stored in tanks at the highest possible volume
  • Reduced SA:V retains heat energy for longer as there are less surfaces for heat transfer
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7
Q

What are the optimal shapes for industrial HVS?

A
  • Sphere
  • Cylinder (more practical)
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8
Q

How does combined heat and power (CHP) work in an industrial setting?

A
  • Most power stations only have a 40% efficiency as 60% of energy is lost as heat
  • CHP utilises this heat for domestic uses such as space heating
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9
Q

What can happen if CHP water is contaminated?

A

Heat recovery

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10
Q

How does integrated manufacture work in an industrial setting?

A
  • Manufacturing processes occur in the same location
  • Prevents steel from being solidified and melted again
  • Reduced energy needed for transport of materials
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11
Q

How does industrial recycling work?

A
  • Requires less transport and energy
  • Cheaper than manufacturing virgin materials
  • Recycling an Al can uses 5% of the energy it take to manufacture one from virgin Al
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12
Q

What are examples of electricity infrastructure management?

A
  • Peak shaving
  • High voltage grid
  • IT management
  • Location of generation
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13
Q

What are two easy ways to conserve energy in transport?

A

Bulk transport of goods and passengers

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14
Q

How can air resistance impact energy conservation?

A
  • Vehicle aerodynamics and hydrodynamics
  • Improved flow of air/water over the vehicle reduces resistance
  • Aerodynamic fairings on cabs
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15
Q

How can regenerative braking impact energy conservation?

A
  • Ek of wheels is captured and fed to a battery
  • Reduces energy lost as heat due to friction during braking
  • Uses an electric motor
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16
Q

How can vehicle weight impact energy conservation?

A
  • Reduced mass leads to a reduced energy requirement to propel a vehicle
  • Lighweight materials where strength isn’t important (plastics)
  • Steel alloys rather than steel
  • Higher energy density batteries
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17
Q

How can wheel design impact energy conservation?

A
  • Pneumatic tyres on road vehicles lose heat due to friction
  • Solid wheels lose less energy and can be used by trains/trams
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18
Q

How can fuel combustion impact energy conservation?

A
  • Efficiency of combustion can be improved
  • Efficient removal of exhaust gas
  • Improve engine temp control
  • Ignition control
  • Regular engine servicing
19
Q

What is a vehicle’s optimum speed?

A

The speed at which the largest distance is travelled using the smallest amount of fuel (around 56 mph)

20
Q

What is end of life design in transport?

A
  • Vehicles built with components which are easily identifiable and can be deconstructed
  • Compostable carpets and seat materials (natural fibres)
21
Q

What is embodied energy in transport?

A
  • The energy used to produce a vehicle
  • Equal to 1.5 years of fuel consumption for an average car
22
Q

How can embodied energy be decreased?

A
  • Recycling
  • Renewable energy use
23
Q

What are examples of infrastructure and traffic management?

A
  • Smart motorways to reduce congestion (open and close lanes as required)
  • Variable speed limits to moderate traffic flow
  • Driverless cars can be programmed to maximise energy efficiency
24
Q

How can building design impact domestic energy conservation?

A
  • Orientation (PSA)
  • Shape and surface area (PSA)
  • High thermal mass materials
25
Q

What are examples of high thermal mass materials?

A
  • Stone
  • Bricks
  • Concrete
26
Q

Which materials have high embodied energy?

A
  • Concrete
  • Metal
27
Q

Which materials have low embodied energy?

A
  • Timber
  • Limecrete (instead of concrete - lime as a binder)
  • Lime mortar (instead of cement mortar)
  • Rammed earth (for walls)
28
Q

How do earth sheltered buildings conserve energy?

A
  • Earth is hotter than the air at the surface
  • Part of the building sunk into the ground
  • No air above to remove heat and increase temp gradient
29
Q

What 4 factors affect heat loss from buildings?

A
  • SA:V
  • Temp gradient
  • Loss of air from inside
  • Wind or wind chill
30
Q

How can heat loss be reduced?

A
  • Reduction of convection (double glazing)
  • Reduced radiation losses
  • Reduced loss of warm air (draught proofing)
31
Q

What are examples of improved insulating materials?

A

Low environmental impact
- Wool
- Paper
- Straw

32
Q

Which gases can be used in window cavities?

A
  • Air
  • Argon
  • Krypton
  • Xenon
33
Q

What is a U value in window glazing?

A
  • W / m2 C
  • The rate of heat transfer through a building component such as a window
34
Q

What does a U value assess?

A
  • Thermal performance
  • Low U value = low rate of heat loss
35
Q

What is low-e glass?

A
  • Low emissivity glass
  • Surface coating reflects long wavelength infrared energy back into the building
36
Q

How does heat recovery ventilation work?

A
  • Heat exchangers used for ventilation
  • Heated air leaving a building transfers energy to the air entering
37
Q

How does automatic ventilation work?

A
  • Large glazed areas receive passive solar gains in summer which may be excessive
  • Over-heating can be reduced by using thermostatically operated automatic screens
38
Q

What are examples of automatic ventilation?

A
  • Self-opening windows
  • Solar screens
39
Q

How does an occupancy sensor work?

A
  • Detects sources of infrared or movement
  • Turns appliances off when no occupants are detected
40
Q

How do programmable thermostats work?

A
  • Adjusts heating in a large number of rooms
  • Reduces energy wasted from unnecessary heating
41
Q

How does water heating conservation work?

A
  • Water should be heated as its supplied or soon before
  • Hot water stored in insulated tanks
  • Reduced hot water use (showers, water efficient appliances, eco programmes)
42
Q

What system does the UK have for appliance efficiency?

A

Energy rating scale
- A = high efficiency
- D = low efficiency

43
Q

What are examples of lower energy appliances?

A
  • LED lightbulbs (instead of CFL)
  • Low energy washing machines
  • Plasma and LED TVs
  • Glazing on cooker doors
44
Q

How can human behaviour reduce domestic energy use?

A
  • Turn lights off when not required
  • Turn thermostats down
  • Turn appliance off rather than standby

A Level Environmental Science (22 decks)

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