Methods

Question 1

What does HCPC stand for

Answer 1

Health and Care Professions Council

Question 2

What are the HCPC guidelines for clinical practitioners

X7

Answer 2

Character

Health

Standards of proficiency

Standards of conduct, performance and ethics

Standards for continuing professional development

Standards of education and training

Standards for prescribing

Question 3

What is the “character” HCPC guideline?”

Answer 3

Credible character references must be given by people who have known them at least three years and what character traits make them suitable

Criminal cautions and convictions are also considered

Question 4

What is the “health” HCPC guideline?

Answer 4

The general health of the practitioner

If unhealthy they must declare this to the HCPC and limit or stop work

Question 5

What does the “standards of proficiency” HCPC guideline mean?

Answer 5

For each profession there is a set of specific expectation for the ability to practice effectively

Question 6

What does the “standards of conduct, performance and ethics” HCPC guideline mean?

Answer 6

There are 14 that practitioners must adhere to such as confidentiality / only acting on what they know

Essentially behave appropriately

Question 7

What does the “standards for continuing professional development” mean?

Answer 7

Professionals are expected to take part in regular training to develop their own practice

Question 8

What does the “standards of education and training” HCPC guideline mean?

Answer 8

Minimum level of qualifications that practitioners must have

Question 9

What does the “standards for prescribing” HCPC guideline mean?

Answer 9

Set out standard for safe practice for prescribing medication

Question 10

What is primary data

Answer 10

Data collected directly by the researchers of the study themselves

Question 11

What is secondary data

Answer 11

Data that has already been gathered by someone else

Question 12

+ of primary data

Answer 12

Relevant to your exact aim (good for validity)

Can be more easily repeated as you made the procedure, increasing reliability

Question 13

• of primary data

Answer 13

More costly and time consuming

Could not find any significant data

Question 14

+ of secondary data

Answer 14

Lots of it (dependent upon topic)

Useful for an initial investigation

Quickly accessed

Question 15

• of secondary data

Answer 15

May not be relevant to your exact question

Evidence you’re using may not be good quality

Question 16

What is a longitudinal design method

Answer 16

Measuring the same group of pp about a certain variable over a long period of time

In mental health, clinicians may be interested to monitor changes in symptoms of a patient group undergoing treatment

Question 17

What is a cross sectional method design

Answer 17

Different ages pp measured at the same time

Rather than do longitudinal and wait for ages, they gather groups of pp and take a ‘snapshot’ in time

Question 18

+ of longitudinal

Answer 18

Results more valid as it allows you to see changes over time

Researchers know pp well, more likely to trust them

Can produce lots of quantitative and qualitative data

Question 19

• of longitudinal

Answer 19

Time consuming

Sample attrition

Psychology is rapidly expanding and people could find out information that makes your study irrelevant

Question 20

+ of cross sectional

Answer 20

Quicker than longitudinal

Less expensive than longitudinal

Useful for providing evidence for nature vs nurture, e.g. One age group is more likely to have Sz

Question 21

• of cross sectional

Answer 21

Pp variables

Associations identified can be difficult to interpret

Question 22

Cross cultural methods

Answer 22

Taking samples from different cultures to see how culture impacts behaviour

EMIC = local

ETIC = global

Question 23

+ of cross cultural

Answer 23

Can help campaigns target different areas more specifically

Evidence for nature vs nurture

Question 24

• of cross cultural

Answer 24

Different cultural norms mean you may misinterpret behaviours, reducing validity

Question 25

How can primary data be used in research

Answer 25

Questionnaire Interview Observation Case studies Anywhere the researcher does it themselves

Question 26

How is secondary data used in research

Answer 26

``` Anything where someone else has done it Questionnaire Interview Observation Case study Meta analysis ```

Question 27

An example of longitudinal method in research

Answer 27

Brendgen Measures aggression in twins at 5, 18, 30, 48 and 60 months after start of study and a follow up at 6 years

Question 28

An example of cross-sectional method I research

Answer 28

Dixit, measured how alcohol consumption changed across different age groups in Aligarh and Uttar Pradesh

Question 29

An example of cross cultural method in research

Answer 29

Mandy See if DSM-5 diagnosis of autism spectrum would generalise to cultures other than the USA and U.K. Worked for autism spectrum (100 pp) but not so well for autism phenotype (100 pp) Compared to 200 pp in the U.K. For each Concluding there was cross cultural variability in the milder autism diagnosis but not the autism spectrum diagnosis

Question 30

Case studies

Answer 30

Studying individuals or small groups with some kind of unique characteristic

Question 31

An example of case studies in research

Answer 31

Lavarenne Thursday group -> patients who were psychotic (most suffered Sz)

Question 32

What was Lavarennes study

Answer 32

Aim: to use the group to provide boundaries for patients with a poor sense of self. Looking for evidence the boundaries worked 6 members of the group, who had been attending from 3 weeks to 22 years Sessions not recorded but immediately after group leaders noted down key points about pp behaviour In one session with six patients before Christmas where they were facing a break of more than a week, it was noted that there were "fragile ego boundaries" a breakdown in the link people draw between real and unreal One member said that they were having lots of people round the house and he planned to get out of the house for lots of long walks, showing a good sense of his own boundaries The focus was on group therapy and how the social support helped individuals develop a sense of themselves and providing a boundary between self and others

Question 33

+ of Lavarenne

Answer 33

Gathered rich and detailed data Only observational data of the group interacting is able to show the relationships between members

Question 34

- of Lavarenne

Answer 34

A few group meetings of 6 members is hard to generalise from Information may have been subjectively remembered As notes were taken after the session researchers may have forgotten aspects

Question 35

+ of case studies

Answer 35

Provides detailed information Insight for further research on a larger scale

Question 36

- of case studies

Answer 36

Limited generalisability Researcher bias Time consuming

Question 37

Meta analysis

Answer 37

Looking at secondary data from multiple studies and drawing the findings together to make overall conclusions

Question 38

An example of meta analysis in research

Answer 38

Stafford (2015) Effectiveness and safety of Sz treatments

Question 39

Stafford (2015) as an example of meta analysis

Answer 39

Looking at effectiveness and safety of treatments for psychosis and Sz in children/adolescents/young adults Looked at randomised control trials (one group given treatment, other group given placebo) Assessed 27 trials and 3067 pp in total Looking at symptoms/relapse/drop outs Found antipsychotics have a small improvement in symptoms but lead to weight gain and drop out due to side effects, antipsychotics seemed to have less positive effects on children compared to adults

Question 40

+ of Stafford (2015)

Answer 40

Gathered a large amount of data, 27 trails and 3067 pp Cheaper than primary research More generalisable, as such a large number of pp

Question 41

- of Stafford (2015)

Answer 41

Poor design are mixed with good Ines potentially skewing the statistical result Publication bias, researchers can pick studies that will provide the outcome they're looking for

Question 42

+ of meta analysis

Answer 42

Large amount can be gathered quickly Cheap Large numbers so more generalisable

Question 43

- of meta analysis

Answer 43

Publication bias -> researcher can pick studies that will provide the outcome they're looking for Poor designs are mixed with good ones

Question 44

Interviews What they are Different types

Answer 44

It involves verbal questioning to gather information Unstructured Semi-structured Structured

Question 45

Potential issues that the interviewer must deal with during an interview

Answer 45

Might gain information that is very personal such as symptoms So should behave in a socially desirable way and be aware of confidentiality right to withdraw and informing the patient about the purpose of the interview

Question 46

+ of interviews

Answer 46

Struc -> reliable, quick, easy to do, don't require trained researchers Semi-structured -> more valid than struc, more reliable than unstructured, allowing you to gain a degree of both, and gain a deeper understanding of issues Unstructured -> more valid, gain a deeper understanding of issues

Question 47

- of interviews

Answer 47

Struc -> lack validity, can't gain a deeper understand, pp is restricted in their answer Semi-structured -> less reliable than struc less valid than unstructured, so if the researcher is trying to gain a deeper understanding on a follow up on research probably best to use unstructured, require trained researchers, time consuming Unstructured-> lack reliability, time consuming, require trained researchers which can be expensive

Question 48

An example of interviews in research

Answer 48

Vallentine (2010)

Question 49

Describe vallentine (2010) as a research example for interviews

Answer 49

Used semi-structured interviews to gather information from offenders in Broadmoor high-security hospital. As part of a group treatment program Aim: to look at the effectiveness of group CBT 42 patients with Sz attended a group called "understanding mental illness" Semi-structured interviews were used to understand their experience A content analysis was conducted on the interview data with 4 core themes identified: "What pp valued and why" "What was helpful about the group" "Clinical implications" "What was difficult/unhelpful" Findings: patients valued understanding their illness and the group helped them see others had similar experiences increasing confidence with their illness Several measures were taken to assess the impact of the group in their symptoms. E.g. Questionnaires before and after the group work, which measured changes in behaviour, however the quantitative data failed to find benefits

Question 50

+ of vallentine (2010)

Answer 50

Two standardised questionnaire were used before and after that increases reliability Qualitative data showed pp valued the group, showing that this could be used as an effective treatment

Question 51

- of vallentine (2010)

Answer 51

Only used one group of 42 pp who are all from Broadmoor high security hospital and only uses 20 sessions, maybe on a larger scale would increase generalisability

Question 52

Quantitative data

Answer 52

Numbers that are objective and gathered from areas such as a closed question on a questionnaire

Question 53

Use in research/examples quantitative data

Answer 53

Closed question in questionnaire Milgram tethering data about how far pp went on the electric switch

Question 54

+ of quantitative data

Answer 54

Reliable Objective Potentially quicker to collect as it's a simple yes/no or ranked scale question usually

Question 55

- of quantitative data

Answer 55

Lack validity Can't get a deeper understanding Aspects can still be subjective, what is a 2 to someone might be a 3 to someone else

Question 56

Qualitative data

Answer 56

Descriptive data that is subjective and gathered from areas such as an open question in a questionnaire

Question 57

Use in research/examples qualitative data

Answer 57

Open questions in a questionnaire Milgrams researcher observing "shaking" "sweating" etc

Question 58

+ of qualitative

Answer 58

Valid Gain a deeper understanding

Question 59

- of qualitative data

Answer 59

Can be subjective Open to bias Lack reliability Can require trained researchers in order to correctly assess behaviours - can be expensive

Question 60

What is grounded theory

Answer 60

It is where theories are developed from research evidence Research is conducted to gather information about something of interest and the theory emerges gradually from the data This is an inductive method where ideas arise from the evidence Grounded theory wants to retain the richness of ideas and interactions between people in the qualitative data and then code so it is presented in a manageable form

Question 61

How does grounded theory work

Answer 61

Themes and ideas that are repeated in the data are used as categories to group the data When grouping data and coding, grounded theory is no different from thematic analysis It is just grounded theory does not analyse with a theory in mind

Question 62

What is the process of grounded theory 4 stage process

Answer 62

1. Coding the text under headings that suit it 2. Codes are collected into concepts which groups data together 3. Concepts are grouped into similarities and differences 4. Theory comes from collecting categories together and forming a model that can explain the data

Question 63

+ of grounded theory

Answer 63

Evidence is integrated into the theory so should be valid

Question 64

- of grounded theory

Answer 64

Could be compromised if researchers were biased in their gathering or interpretation of data Issues with reliability as it's subjective Time consuming