Methods Flashcards
What are the important methods for researching children?
Observation
Experiments
Interviews
Questionnairs
Archives
What types of observation are there?
Naturalistic observation
Participant observation
Archival research
What is a naturalistic observation?
And what is its advantage?
A type of observation where a child is observed in its normal day to day life (high external validity)
What are problems with observation (with children)?
Adults (unknown ones especially) can influence a child’s behaviour
-> reactivity
What are the types of environment a child can be observed in?
structured and unstructured environments
What is an experiement?
A try to find knowledge by manipulating just one condition while trying to hold the other ones constant
When are experiments used?
When its difficult to observe something in other settings
For exploring a causal connection
What types of experiments are there?
Lab experiments
Field experiments
What is the order of ease to get information?
Archives > Questionnaires > Interviews > Observation > Experiments
What types of Interviews are there?
Structured
Semistructured
Unstructured
What is a questionnaire?
A list of closed questions with prepared answers, like a Likert scale
What is a cohort?
It is a group of people that have something in common, usually age, that is finer than a generation
What is the problem with researching babies?
They cannot talk about their experiences (preverbal)
Which psychological concepts and techniques are used to research babies?
Using methods such as:
Habitualization, conditioning, visual response, physiological and neurophysiological methods
What is Habitualization?
Responding less and less to a repeated stimulus
What is Violation of Expectation?
When a certain (social) expectation is not met. This usually leads to a kind of reaction
How can it be measured whether a baby has a kognitive reaction to something (e.g. they like something).
On what assumption is this build upon?
Using visual preference!
Babies look at something for longer.
This is build upon the looking time paradigm (Robert Franz)
What kind of preferences do babies have?
Novelty preference
What are physical reactions that can be measured to conclude to a babies cognitive state?
Heartbeat (↓ new, ↑ averse)
Cortisol
Brainwaves (EEG)
Where does the word “Diagnosis” come from?
Dia + Gnosis
Through Knowledge
