methodology Flashcards
STEPS IN THE DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
1Determining the participants of the study
2Obtaining permissions needed from several individuals
and organizations
3Considering what types of information to
collect from several sources.
4Locating and selecting instruments to use
5Administering the data collection process
ex. of prob/random sampling techniques
simple random
systematic
stratefied
cluster
area
multi-stage
ex. of non-prob/non-random sampling techniques
judgemental
convenience
quota
panel
snowball
Each member of the population is numbered.
* Then, a given size of the sample is drawn with the help of a
random number chart.
Simple Random Sample
Divide the population into groups or strata
each of which is homogenous with respect
to the given characteristic feature.
* Draw sample from each strata at random.
Stratified Random Sampling
the selection of units may pass through
various stages, before you finally reach your sample of
study.
Cluster/ Multistage Sample
provide an estimate of the population parameter and to test the hypothesis.
sampling
7 STAGES OF SAMPLING PROCESS
1.Define the population
2.Specifying the sampling
3.Specifying the sampling unit
4.Selection of the sampling method
5.Determination of sample size.
6.Specifying the sampling plan.
7. Selecting the sample.
When the true selection probabilities differ from those assumed in calculating the results.
Selection bias:
Random variation in the results due to the elements in the sample being selected at
random.
Random sampling error:
are other errors which can impact the final survey estimates, caused by problems in data
collection, processing, or sample design.
Non-sampling error
can be classified into sampling errors and non-sampling errors.
Total errors
under non-sampling error
- Over-coverage
- Under-coverage
- Measurement error -
- Processing error
- Non-response:
Inclusion of data from outside of the population.
Over-coverage
Occurs when some members of the population are inadequately represented in the sample.
Under-coverage
When respondents misunderstand a question, or find it difficult to answer.
Measurement error -
Mistakes in data coding.
Processing error
Failure to obtain complete data from all selected individuals.
Non-response:
refers to the bias that results from problems in the measurement
process.
Response bias
– Measures of central tendency
– Measures of variability
– The normal curve
– Correlation
Descriptive statistics
– t-Test
– ANOVA
Inferential statistics
use obtained data to infer population
levels of measurement
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
data may only be classified
sex male, female
nominal
data are ranked
ordinal
1st, 2nd
3rd
meaningful difference bet values
interval
ex. body temp
meaningful point and ration bet values
ratio
of hrs spent studying
3 measures of central tendency
mean median mode
3 measures of variability
range (high-low score)
SD (descriptive stats)
Variance (often in inferential)
Major types of qualitative research design
include:
Phenomenology
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Case study
Narrative inquiry
It is a methodology for descriptive studies of cultures
and peoples
Ethnography
development of a new theory through
the collection and analysis of data about a
phenomenon
Grounded theory
In-depth analysis of a single or small number of unites
It is used to describe an entity that forms a single unit such as a person, an organization or an institution
Complexity: illustration of an event VS. analysis of social situation over time
As a research design, it offers rich and in-depth information which is not usually offered by other methods
Case study
Collect information from groups of people rather
than a series of individuals
Focus group discussion
Discussing limited number of topics
Phrase questions in the interviewee’s previous response
Unstructured interviews or in-depth interviews
FGD can be used when
Resources are limited
To identify a number of individuals who share a common
factor
It is desirable to collect the views of several people within
the population sub group
Group interaction among participants has the potential for
greater insights to be developed
