Methodology Flashcards
introduction
مثال على كيفية كتابة مقدمة ال
methodology
1
This research employs a quantitative approach. It is cross-sectional in design and uses a
secondary analysis of the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS5-Cycle 4) to
explore the relationship between the domains of personal agency, social support, and
demographics on physical-activity participation amongst a national sample of noninstitutionalized
civilian adults 18 years and older in the United States. The data was collected
from February 24th through June 15th, 2020. Originally, 3865 respondents were included in the
final data. After assessment and elimination of missing data, 2249 valid data were included this
analysis.
The survey instrument was reviewed for item selection. The selected variables were
grouped under the domains of personal agency, social support, and demographics for
independent variables and the measures for dependent variable chosen. Ordinary Least Squares
Regression (OLS) was used for analysis, followed by hierarchical regression modeling.
19
This study design was selected because it utilized an economical, readily and publicly
available, nationally representative data set from the NCI. The HINTS data set is a fit for the aim
of this study, as it collects data on health information with a main purpose of identifying trends
in awareness and knowledge of cancer prevention and health-maintenance behaviors. Evaluating
this dataset via an Intersectional lens allows for delineation of group characteristics and
differences that would have otherwise remained unknown, possibly yielding new insights and
opportunities for intervention. The HINTS dataset captures changing trends in culture, which
would reflect the evolving physical and social-environmental determinants of sedentary
behavior. For instance, television or computer desktops were traditionally the main source of
sedentary behavior (Rhodes et al., 2012). However, the ubiquity of smartphones, iPads, other
handheld devices, and social media in recent decades have ultimately transformed contributors of
sedentary behavior.
Qualitative research approach
This research employs a quantitative approach. It is cross-sectional in design and uses a
secondary analysis of the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS5-Cycle 4) to
explore the relationship between the domains of personal agency, social support, and
demographics on physical-activity participation amongst a national sample of noninstitutionalized
civilian adults 18 years and older in the United States. The data was collected
from February 24th through June 15th, 2020. Originally, 3865 respondents were included in the
final data. After assessment and elimination of missing data, 2249 valid data were included this
analysis.
The survey instrument was reviewed for item selection. The selected variables were
grouped under the domains of personal agency, social support, and demographics for
independent variables and the measures for dependent variable chosen. Ordinary Least Squares
Regression (OLS) was used for analysis, followed by hierarchical regression modeling.
19
This study design was selected because it utilized an economical, readily and publicly
available, nationally representative data set from the NCI. The HINTS data set is a fit for the aim
of this study, as it collects data on health information with a main purpose of identifying trends
in awareness and knowledge of cancer prevention and health-maintenance behaviors. Evaluating
this dataset via an Intersectional lens allows for delineation of group characteristics and
differences that would have otherwise remained unknown, possibly yielding new insights and
opportunities for intervention. The HINTS dataset captures changing trends in culture, which
would reflect the evolving physical and social-environmental determinants of sedentary
behavior. For instance, television or computer desktops were traditionally the main source of
sedentary behavior (Rhodes et al., 2012). However, the ubiquity of smartphones, iPads, other
handheld devices, and social media in recent decades have ultimately transformed contributors of
sedentary behavior.
2 Research Design
Alexandra Beitz thesis
+
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/research-design/
For this bachelor thesis, a deductive research approach was chosen, due to the fact that the
author had already established a theory about leadership within the literature review chapter
and a hypothesis was created which the author tried to prove with the research process of
primary data (Saunders et al. 2009). The author created the hypothesis that leadership, no
matter if good or bad leadership, has a direct influence on the well-being of an employee.
Through the exploratory research process, the author wanted to find out new aspects about
what was already found out within the literature review and therefore, the qualitative
research method interview was chosen to get the needed understanding about the topic.
According to Saunders et al. (2009), for this purpose the case study approach was the best
possible option, as it best explains the empirical study about the current topic of leadership
and employee well-being within the hospitality business. Furthermore, the case study
approach is used to investigate the broad appreciation about the hospitality business and its
research. In addition, the author selected this approach to explore the relationship between
leadership and employee well-being. Therefore, interviews seemed to be a good approach to
explore how General Managers see themselves as leaders and what leadership style they
think they follow and on the other hand, interviews were used to get into conversation with
employees to hear their opinion about the General Manager´s leadership style and especially
about their well-being with all the different specifying aspects, like motivation, health and
work-life-balance. Furthermore, the author decided to conduct an additional observation
within one hotel to support the findings within the interviews conducted with the employees.
As it was not possible to have an interview with each employee in a hotel, the author decided
18
that an observation would be the best alternative to see if the behaviour of employees in a
day-to-day business is in line with what was found out during the interviews.
Within the case study approach, a single case is used due to the fact that only an exceptional
case was investigated. Within the primary data collection process, a multi-method qualitative
research using interview and observation was used (Saunders et al. 2009). Furthermore, it
can be said that the case study is also a cross-sectional study, where a specific case is studied
at a specific time, mainly due to the time constraint of nine weeks for this bachelor thesis
(Saunders et al. 2009).
3 interview design
Alexandra Beitz thesis
+
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/interviews-research/
What is a semi-structured interview?
Semi-structured interviews are a blend of structured and unstructured interviews. While the interviewer has a general plan for what they want to ask, the questions do not have to follow a particular phrasing or order.
Semi-structured interviews are often open-ended, allowing for flexibility, but follow a predetermined thematic framework, giving a sense of order. For this reason, they are often considered “the best of both worlds.”
However, if the questions differ substantially between participants, it can be challenging to look for patterns, lessening the generalizability and validity of your results.
Semi-structured interviews may be a good fit for your research if:
* You have prior interview experience. It’s easier than you think to accidentally ask a leading question when coming up with questions on the fly. Overall, spontaneous questions are much more difficult than they may seem.
* Your research question is exploratory in nature. The answers you receive can help guide your future research.
What is an unstructured interview?
An unstructured interview is the most flexible type of interview. The questions and the order in which they are asked are not set. Instead, the interview can proceed more spontaneously, based on the participant’s previous answers.
Unstructured interviews are by definition open-ended. This flexibility can help you gather detailed information on your topic, while still allowing you to observe patterns between participants.
However, so much flexibility means that they can be very challenging to conduct properly. You must be very careful not to ask leading questions, as biased responses can lead to lower reliability or even invalidate your research.
Unstructured interviews may be a good fit for your research if:
* You have a solid background in your research topic and have conducted interviews before.
* Your research question is exploratory in nature, and you are seeking descriptive data that will deepen and contextualize your initial hypotheses.
* Your research necessitates forming a deeper connection with your participants, encouraging them to feel comfortable revealing their true opinions and emotions.
What is a focus group?
A focus group brings together a group of participants to answer questions on a topic of interest in a moderated setting. Focus groups are qualitative in nature and often study the group’s dynamic and body language in addition to their answers. Responses can guide future research on consumer products and services, human behavior, or controversial topics.
Focus groups can provide more nuanced and unfiltered feedback than individual interviews and are easier to organize than experiments or large surveys. However, their small size leads to low external validity and the temptation as a researcher to “cherry-pick” responses that fit your hypotheses.
A focus group may be a good fit for your research if:
* Your research focuses on the dynamics of group discussion or real-time responses to your topic.
* Your questions are complex and rooted in feelings, opinions, and perceptions that cannot be answered with a “yes” or “no.”
* Your topic is exploratory in nature, and you are seeking information that will help you uncover new questions or future research ideas.
Semi-structured interview * Can be used in quantitative research
* Relatively high validity
* You can ask additional questions if needed * Lower validity than the structured interview
* At risk of Hawthorne effect, observer bias, recall bias, and social desirability bias
* You need to have good conversational skills to get the most out of the interview
* Preparation is time-consuming
How to Do Thematic Analysis | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematic-analysis/
مخطط يضاف لل انترو 1
+ كلام عن المحطات المتنقلة
1يضاف لل انترو
Study Area
+should make a flow chart for the construction process of mobile substations in Iraq
In this case study, the choice of mobile electrical distribution substations in Baghdad city precisely was made because the weather of this place is dry, the summer is long, and the temperatures regularly exceed 50°C. Additionally, this metropolis is densely populated, mainly due to the emigration that happened after the religious conflicts in the country, ISIS attacks on different locations in Iraq, and climate change, making it in urgent need of high amounts of power and, eventually, the best fit for the study.
Project Description
The project used in this case study is the construction
of high class villas located in Ras Al-Akhdar area in Abu
Dhabi. The project consists of three villas: main villa, guest
villa and staff villa. At the time of research, the project was in
its initial stage where drawings and material submittals are
prepared. Fig. 6 illustrates the construction project process
flowchart. Initially, the client gather various information
(like feasibility) and determine the project budget and
forward this information to the consultant. The consultant
is then start designing the project, issuing design drawings
and determine the projects specification. The consultant
provides the cost estimates to the client for his approval.
If the client approves the design, the consultant then
finalizes the plans and specification and then award it to
the contractor based on a contract between the concerned
parties. For the purpose of this research, the author will be
studying small trend of the construction process flow chart
which is the installation of emergency lighting system in
the project. The team assigned for this research was not
familiar with the CRAVE processes, but were interested
to know more about it and demanded to know about the
results of the research.
FIG. 6. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS FLOW CHAR
2 Research Design
describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
The paper will discuss utilizing Value engineering and risk management effectively in a case study. First step, interviews will be done with a focus group of six experienced civil engineers. Second step is assessing the risk in the project based on previously executed similar works, and the results are depicted in a risk matrix. Third step is creating a matrix to compare the performance attributes. Forth step suggesting a list of alternative solutions. Lastly, check if this approach is recommended or not in the future for construction work.
why case study not muti cas study
Third step is selecting a depth of the
research within the case. For this type one has to choose
between holistic case study and embedded case study. For
the holistic case study, one will examine the cases as a
whole entity while for the embedded case studies some
aspects of the case is examined (Anderson & Shattuck,
2012). The benefit of this research study is that it can work
well for all kind of research and would give a depth in the
study. The downside of this strategy is that methodological
choice and the methodological reasoning is harder to justify
and the findings from this research strategy is difficult to
generalize (Cameron, 2009).
To observe and recognize the relevance of integrating
value engineering in the processes of risk management, the
research strategy chosen in this study is a case study. The
case study is a strategy where the researcher will examine
a current trend in its real-life environment. In this research
the case study chosen is construction industry project with
36-month maintenance of high class villas. The Project
consists of main villa, guest villa, staff accommodation and
substation. The project is planned to finish the construction
in 2 years. At the time of implementing the application of
value engineering and risk management, the project was
in the initial stages. The author vision is to implement
both disciplines in the project to show how cost, time and
resources could be utilized effectively.
why interviews
stated that face to face interviews is
said to be beneficial for eliciting all information from
the respondents. It is said to be compatible in both the
qualitative and quantitative research that helps in gathering
rich and valuable data. Yin (2009) stated that interviews
is a very powerful tool and widely used in many research.
There is a negative aspect of interviews which include the
respondents are often modifying their answers in front of
the interviewer which is adversely affecting all responses.
the first group will include:
the client representative, consultant project manager,
architectural, civil and electrical design engineers from
the consultant team. The second group will include: the
main contractor project manager, the subcontractor project
manager, architectural, civil, electrical engineers from the
construction team and three technical engineers from
different manufactures of the systems which will be installed
in the project. Thus, the total participants are thirteen.
The second group
will be responsible on generating the different ideas and
alternatives, while the first group will be responsible on
assessing these ideas.
steps of the process
يتم صياغة أسئلة المقابلة للمساهمة في
الخطوات المختلفة لعملية CRAVE التي ستكون
الموصوفة على النحو التالي:
الخطوة 1 - تحديد مخاطر المشروع، من خلال أداء المخاطر
قم بالتسجيل وسيُطلب من المجيبين تقدير ذلك
احتمالية وتقدير آثار المخاطر على
تكلفة المشروع والوقت والجودة. سيكون للاحتمال مقياس
يتراوح من 0.1 إلى 0.9، في حين سيتم تخصيص (0.1) لـ
الاحتمال المنخفض و (0.9) للاحتمال العالي، في حين أن
سيكون للتأثير نطاق من 0.05 إلى 0.8، في حين أن
سيتم تخصيص (0.05) للتأثير المنخفض و (0.8) للتأثير
تأثير عالي. يتم استخراج نطاقات المقياس هذه من
كتاب مؤشر مديري المشتريات
الخطوة الثانية – تحديد سمات الأداء حيث
سيختار الفريق أربع إلى ثماني سمات اعتمادًا على
مشروع. وتناقش هذه السمات بشكل شامل.
كما أن السمات قابلة للقياس الكمي ومحددة على نطاق واسع
من 0 إلى 10، في حين يتم تعيين (0) لغير المرغوب فيه
الأداء و (10) للأداء الأمثل.
نطاق المقياس مقتبس من هندسة القيمة
دليل لوزارة النقل في واشنطن.
الخطوة 3 - تحديد أهمية كل سمة،
حيث ستقوم المجموعة بتحديد الأهمية والنسبية
أهمية الصفات والعلاقة بينها.
وهكذا يتم صياغة مصفوفة وتسميتها بـ “(PAM)”. هذا
التكامل الإداري في مشاريع البناء
سيتم استخدام المصفوفة لمقارنة السمات في أزواج. خطاب
يتم إدخال الكود في المصفوفة لكل زوج من خلال التعرف عليه
مستوى أهمية كل منها. إذا تم النظر في زوج من
بنفس الأهمية، ثم يتم إدخال كلا الحرفين (أي A/B)
في المصفوفة.
الخطوة 4 - إعداد “خط الأساس” للأداء)))))))))))))))
التصميم الأصلي، حيث يمكن للأفكار المختلفة للVE
يمكن مقارنتها. ومن ثم، فإن مصفوفة تقييم الأداء هي
يتم تحديدها، ثم يقوم الفريق بتقييم أفكار VE المختلفة منها
من 0 إلى 10 لكل سمة. بعد ذلك الأداء الكلي
يتم حسابه بضرب وزن السمة في
تصنيف معين. وأخيرا، يتم الحصول على الأداء الإجمالي من خلال
مجموع الدرجات لجميع السمات.
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((الخطوة
5 – تقييم أداء VE المختلفة)))))))))))))))))))))))
أفكار. بعد تحديد الأداء الأساسي، فإنه
سيتم استخدامها لتقييم المفاهيم والأفكار التي كانت
تم تطويره بواسطة فريق VE.
)))))))))))))))))))
الخطوة 6 – مقارنة تصنيف أداء الفرق المختلفة)))))))))))))))))))))
الأفكار والمشاريع الأساسية. هذه هي الخطوة الأخيرة في
عملية CRAVE، حيث تتم مقارنة أفكار VE بـ
المفهوم الأصلي. ثم ملخص لمصفوفة القيمة
تم تطويره حيث يعرض إجمالي التغيرات في التكلفة،
الأداء والقيمة.))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
بعد شرح اسباب اختيار الكيس ستادي و التحليلات نعمل السمري
Summary
The present section attempted to provide the detailed
study of methodology that will be used for conducting this
research. All paradigms are elaborated at the beginning of
the section. All the selected research approach, design and
strategy have been presented in this section. Furthermore,
the adopted methodology for this research has been
chosen and justified.
The methodology used is a qualitative approach based
on case study as the research strategy. The author will
be using deductive research approach and exploratory
research design. The interviews will be the significant
method of collecting data. The methodology of CRAVE
framework which will be used in the case study is being
highlighted and described in this section. The next section
will illustrate the processes
Risk Assessment
matrix form different resource then create a TABLE 3. RISK REGISTER
just like the one in the paper
Project Analysis
اكتب شي المشابه الها بمشروعي
In this section, the project is analysed through the use of
value matrix and performance attributes, and project cost.
Performance Attributes
This step is an essential part in the process of value
engineering. The performance attributes are the
characteristics that are important in achieving the objectives
of the project. The first group that consists of the client
and the consultant, are the persons who determine these
attributes. Thus, were interviewed to define and agree on
each attribute.
هي الخطوة مهمة لان راح احدد سمات للمشاكل المراد معالجتها
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After that, the group defines the baseline concept that is
related to the attributes. The information is compiled in
Table 4.
TABLE 4. PROJECT BASELINE ASSESSMENT
TABLE 5. PERFORMANCE ATTRIBUTE MATRIX
Each of these design criteria was given a weight age factor.
This was carried out as follows: each of the above criteria was
compared with others, and depending on their relative
importance, three categories were formed, viz. major,
medium, and minor. A score of 3, 2 and 1 respectively was
assigned to each of the levels. The details are as given in the
Table II:
TABLE II
WEIGHTAGE ANALYSIS
Weight age analysis Points
Major difference 3
Medium difference 2
Minor differences 1
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2012 Vol II
WCECS 2012, October 24-26, 2012, San Francisco, USA
ISBN: 978-
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/value-engineering.asp
Cost Value
Assuming we have a good generating use value, it’s now time to consider how it takes to make that good. Let’s assume the shoes from above are tremendous for hiking, rugged wear, and waterproof protection. This means the shoes may require experienced labor to craft, specifically-treated raw materials for its production, and premium quality control for consumer safety.
In this example, all of the variables mentioned above represent different cost variables with different values. A consumer may value the shoes at $50/pair; if the company determines its cost value is $75/pair, the company must assess how to rebalance the equation. Alternatively, charging a customer prices too high will likely yield negative cost value.
