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psychological research > Methodological Control in Experimental Research > Flashcards

Methodological Control in Experimental Research Flashcards

1
Q

Any independent variable must have a minimum of two levels. This means at the very least…

A

an experiment will compare level A with level B

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2
Q

If participants receive either A or B but not both, the design is a…

A

between-subjects design

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3
Q

If participants receive both levels A and B, the design is a….

A

within-subjects design OR sometimes called a repeated-measures design

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4
Q

If the independent variable is a subject variable there is no choice but to use what type of design?

A

Between-subjects design

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5
Q

What is the goal of random assignment?

A

To take individual difference factors that could influence the study and spread them evenly throughout the different groups

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6
Q

When there is only a small number of participants, random assignment can fail to create equivalent groups. When this is the case researchers use a technique called _________

A

matching

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7
Q

What is an advantage of a within-subjects design?

A

Fewer participants need to be recruited

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8
Q

Sequence or order effect in a within-subjects design

A

Once a participant has completed the first part of a study the experience or altered circumstances could influence performance in later parts of the study

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9
Q

How do researchers control order effects in a within-subjects design?

A

Counterbalancing

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10
Q

Cross-sectional and longitudinal research use _____ as the primary independent variable

A

age

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11
Q

Cross sectional studies take a ________ -subjects approach

A

between

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12
Q

Longitudinal studies take a ______ - subjects approach

A

within

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13
Q

What is a problem associated with cross-sectional studies?

A

Cohort effect - when a commonly aged group of people in research indirectly affect results due to their common age-related influences

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14
Q

What is a problem associated with longitudinal studies?

A

Attrition

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15
Q

In trying to balance cohort and attrition problems, researchers use a strategy that combines cross sectional with longitudinal studies. One such design is called a….

A

cohort sequential design

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16
Q

How to control for experimenter bias?

A

Research protocols, double blind procedure

17
Q

How to control for participant bias?

A

Reduce demand characteristics (i.e., deception), placebo control group, single-blind, conduct field research

18
Q

What is a disadvantage of a between-subjects design?

A

Large number of people may need to be recruited

19
Q

Blocked random assignment

A

Researcher randomly divides participants into blocks so that variability within the blocks is less than variability between blocks. Participants within each block are randomly assigned to treatment conditions.

20
Q

Progressive effect

A

A sequence/ order effect in which performance changes steadily from trial to trial

21
Q

Carry-over effect

A

A sequence/ order effect in which some sequences may produce effects different from other sequences

22
Q

Why does counterbalancing work better for progressive effects than for carry-over effects?

A

Because it is a strategy to control order effects. Even if you control for order effects, carry-over effects will still most likely occur

23
Q

Two types of counterbalancing for when participants are tested once per condition

A
  1. Complete counterbalancing

2. Partial counterbalancing

24
Q

Complete counterbalancing

A

Every possible sequence will be used at least once.

Ex; If a study has three conditions, then there are six possible sequences. Participants would be assigned to one of the six sequences.

25
Q

Partial counterbalancing

A

A subset of the total possible number of sequences is used (latin square)

26
Q

Two types of counterbalancing for when participants are tested more than once per condition

A
  1. Reverse counterbalancing

2. Block randomization

27
Q

Reverse counterbalancing

A

Experimenter presents the conditions in one order and then presents them again in the reverse order

28
Q

Block randomization

A

Within each block the order of conditions is randomized

29
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

When behaviour is affected by the knowledge that one is in an experiment and is therefore important to the study’s success

30
Q

The good subject

A

Participant’s act in ways that they think will support the experimenter’s hypothesis

31
Q

Evaluation apprehension

A

Participants want to be evaluated positively, so they may behave as they think the ideal person should behave

32
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Aspects of the study that reveal the hypotheses being tested

psychological research (17 decks)

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