Method of action

Question 1

Codeine

Question 2

Omeprazole

Answer 2

Inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking the hydrogen-potassium ATPase enzyme system (the proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell

Question 3

Amlodipine

Answer 3

Blocks voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels to inhibit influx of calcium ions
Leads to vasodilation which increases blood flow

Question 4

Aspirin

Answer 4

Suppresses the production of prostaglandins by inhibitng the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX), resulting in anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects at the site of inflammation

Question 5

Bisoprolol

Answer 5

Selectively blocks B1-adrenoceptors in the heart which produces negative inoytopic and chronotropic effects

Question 6

Chloramphenicol

Answer 6

Broad spectrum antibiotic
Bacteriostatic
Prevents protein chain elongation by inhibiting peptidyltransferase activity of bacterial ribosome and so inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Question 7

Chlorphenamine

Answer 7

Competes with histamine or H1 receptor sites on effector cells in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract
Antimuscarinic activity

Question 8

Clotrimazole

Answer 8

Imidazole derivative
Inhibits the gungal cytochrome p450 enzyme 14a- demethylase, preventing the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol which is an essential compoenet of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane

Question 9

Doxazosin

Answer 9

Inhibits the postsynaptic alpha-1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle

Question 10

Fluconazole

Answer 10

Inhibits the fungal cytochrome p450 enzyme 14a- demethylase, preventing the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol which is an essential component of the fungal cytoplasmic membrane

Question 11

Furosemide

Answer 11

Loop diuretic
Inhibit reabsorption from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the renal tubule

Question 12

Hydrocortisone

Answer 12

Corticosteroid with glucocorticoid and weak mineralocorticoid activity
Anti-inflammatory through lipocortin and phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which inhibit arachidonic acid to control the relase of prostoglandins and leukotrienes
Has an effect on lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
Binds to cytosolic gllucocorticoid receptor, translocates to the nucleus and binds the promoter region of many genes leading to anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties

Question 13

Hyoscine butylbromide

Answer 13

Decreases intestinal motility due to visceral ganglion blockade
Antimuscarinic activity

Question 14

Hyoscine hydrobromide

Question 15

Ibuprofen

Question 16

Indapamide

Answer 16

Thiazide like diuretic
Inhibits sodium and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Blocks the slow component of delayed rectifier potassium channels and stimulates synthesis of the vasodilatory hypotensive prostaglandin called PGE2

Question 17

Loperamide

Question 18

Losartan

Answer 18

Antiogentin II receptor antagonist
Blocks the activation of angiotension II AT1 receptors causing vasodilation and reducing the secretion of vasopressin, reducing production and secretion of aldosterone thus reducing the blood pressure

Question 19

Macrogols

Answer 19

Exerts osmotic pressure to draw water into the bowel (osmotic laxative), with addedd electrolytes to prevent overall imbalace

Question 20

Paracetamol

Answer 20

Analgesic effects are due to inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
Antipyretic effects are due to the inhibition of hypothalamic heat-regulating centre which causes peripheral vasodilation

Question 21

Propranolol

Answer 21

Competitive non-selective B adrenoceptor antagonist
Produces negative ionotropic effects on cardiac muscle

Question 22

Ramipril

Answer 22

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) which inhibits the conversion of angiotnesin I to angiotensin II

Question 23

Senna

Question 24

Sildenafil

Answer 24

Inhibits the phosphodiesterase-mediated degradation of cGMP, which causes a rise in cGMP, which relaxes penile smooth muscle

Question 25

Spironolactone

Answer 25

Competitive aldosterone antagonist for intracellular aldosterone receptors in the cortical collecting duct which increases sodium excretion whilst decreasing potassium loss in the distal renal tubule Has a gradual and prolonged action

Question 26

Sumatriptan

Answer 26

Agonist at the 5HT1B/1D receptors

Question 27

Tamsulosin

Answer 27

Alpha 1-selective alpha blocker. Relaxes smooth muscle to produce increased urinary flow rate