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Ocean Navigation > meteorology- atmosphere > Flashcards

meteorology- atmosphere Flashcards

1
Q

The atmosphere is the envelope of ______ that surrounds the earth, travels with it through space, and __________ with it.
Air is the ________ of gases comprising the atmosphere.
____________ mixing maintains a high degree of constancy in the _________ of air.

A

gases
rotates
mixture
turbulent
composition

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2
Q

Average values are:
Nitrogen __.__%
Oxygen __.__%
Argon _.__%
Carbon Dioxide _.__%

A

78.09
20.95
0.93
0.03

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3
Q

What does the ozone absorb?

A

ultraviolet light

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4
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the atmosphere

A

animal exhalation and fuel combustion

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5
Q

What is carbon dioxide balanced out by

A

plant absorption

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6
Q

What is specific heat

A

the amount of heat required to change temperature.

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7
Q

What is latent heat

A

the amount of heat required to change state.

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8
Q

How do solid particles of dust, sand, smoke, salt, volcanic ash, meteoric debris (20 t/d) and bacteria also affect meteorological processes

A

by their effect on solar radiation and by providing hygroscopic nuclei for
condensation of water vapour.

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9
Q

How are the subsections of the atmosphere measured

A

By a radiosonde

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10
Q

What is a radiosonde

A

a lightweight instrument package and radio
transmitter carried aloft by balloon released from shore stations and ships.

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11
Q

What does a radiosonde transmit

A

air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity as they rise through the
atmosphere

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12
Q

What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere

A

Troposphere

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13
Q

Characteristics of the troposphere

A

Temperature decreases with altitude at approximately 6.5°C per km on average, from 15°C at the surface to -54°C.

There are wide local variations, and temperature increases with altitude under certain circumstances.

The troposphere contains approximately 75% of the mass of the atmosphere, and virtually all the water
vapour.

This is the layer in which atmospheric turbulence and weather phenomena occur.

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14
Q

2nd layer of atmosphere

A

Tropopause

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15
Q

Characteristics of the tropopause

A

The tropopause is the upper boundary of the troposphere.

It varies in altitude from approximately 8 km at the poles to approximately 18 km at the equator.
Due to the increase of temperature above this level, an inversion, turbulence is limited to the region
below the tropopause.

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16
Q

3rd layer of the atmosphere

A

Stratosphere

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17
Q

Characteristics of the stratosphere

A

In this layer temperature increases with altitude due to radiation absorption by ozone.

Ozone concentration is high in the stratosphere, the highest concentration being at approximately 22 km.

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18
Q

4th layer of the atmosphere

A

Stratopause

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19
Q

Characteristics of the stratopause

A

The stratopause is the upper boundary of the stratosphere at approximately 48 km.

The highest temperatures associated with radiation absorption by ozone occur at this level and may be
0°C.

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20
Q

5th layer of the atmosphere

A

Mesosphere

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21
Q

Characteristics of the mesosphere

A

The mesosphere is characterised by decreasing temperature with increasing altitude, to approximately
-92°C.

Noctilucent clouds, thought to be formed by ice crystals forming on meteoric dust, occur in this layer.

22
Q

6th layer of the atmosphere

A

Mesopause

23
Q

Characteristics of the mesopause

A

The mesopause is the upper boundary of the mesosphere, at approximately 80 km

24
Q

7th layer of the atmosphere

A

Thermosphere

25
Q

Characteristics of the thermosphere

A

The thermosphere contains extremely rarefied air in which temperature rises with altitude due to the
absorption of ultraviolet radiation by oxygen.
Phenomena such as aurorae due to ionization of the gases occur at altitudes up to 1000 km.
The upper limit of the atmosphere is not easily defined.

26
Q

Radiation is

A

is the transfer of energy that can take place through space where no matter is present.

27
Q

Conduction is

A

is the transfer of energy directly from particle to particle through a substance.

28
Q

Convection is

A

is the transfer of energy by bulk movement in fluids.

29
Q

Thermal radiation is

A

is the transfer of energy by infrared waves.

30
Q

Latent heat is

A

is the energy involved in a change of state, between solid, liquid and vapour.

31
Q

The frequency of radiation from a body is related to

A

its surface temp

32
Q

The surface temperature of the sun is approximately

A

6000 K

33
Q

The surface temperature of the sun is approximately 6000K.
The peak radiance at this temperature occurs at a wavelength of

A

483 nanometres (nm). (nano = 10-9
)

34
Q

The wavelength of solar radiation ranges from approximately

A

200 nm, X-rays, to 2000 nm, infrared.

35
Q

The band of visible light is from approximately

A

400 to 740 nm, violet to red.

36
Q

The Solar Constant is the amount of

A

energy reaching the upper atmosphere

37
Q

The solar constant is

A

the solar energy incident on unit area, in unit time, on a surface perpendicular to
solar radiation.

38
Q

The majority of solar radiation lies in

A

the visible spectrum, with the next largest portion in the infrared.
Components of the atmosphere selectively absorb radiation.

39
Q

Air is virtually _________ to radiation

A

Transparent

40
Q

Radiation is a ________ by substances in the atmosphere, increasing their ____________.
Ozone absorbs approximately _% of solar radiation, principally ______ ______ light in the ____________.
Water as vapour and droplets in clouds absorbs approximately __% of solar radiation in the ____________.

A

absorbed
temperature
3
ultra violet
stratosphere
15
troposphere

41
Q

Radiation striking clouds, earth and water is partially ______ into space.
Approximately __% of solar radiation is reflected by _____ and _% by the surface.

A

reflected
21
clouds
4

42
Q

Radiation striking particles in the atmosphere is __________ in all directions.
Approximately _% of solar radiation is scattered back into _____.

A

scattered
6
space

43
Q

Insolation is the radiation

A

reaching the surface and absorbed by land and water.

44
Q

Any body at a temperature above __________ ______radiates energy at a wavelength inversely proportional to
its temperature.

A

absolute zero

45
Q

Overall solar radiation is matched by

A

reradiation to space and the earth’s temperature remains
approximately constant, although there are cyclic variations on various time scales.

46
Q

Energy is conducted from

A

land and water surfaces to air in contact with them.

47
Q

Air heated by conduction moves vertically due to its

A

reduced density in a convective cycle, carrying
energy upward

48
Q

Air moving horizontally carries energy from

A

area to area

49
Q

Water vapour evaporating from bodies of water and from plants carries

A

latent heat energy into the
atmosphere from the surface.

50
Q

Water vapour condensing into liquid water in the atmosphere releases

A

latent heat energy into the air.

51
Q
A

Ocean Navigation (5 decks)

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