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Earth history and life - 29202 > Metazoans > Flashcards

Metazoans Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Metazoans?

A

Multicellular animals

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2
Q

What fossil record do metazoans dominate?

A

Phanerozoic (Cambrian to present)

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3
Q

What does multicellularity allow for?

A

Specialisation of cells

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4
Q

What are some examples of cell specialisation?

A

Locomotion
Respiration
Reproduction
Nutrient acquisition (feeding)

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5
Q

What 2 ways can metazoans be separated by embryo?

A

Spiralians
Radialians

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6
Q

What are spiralinas?

A

cells spiral within embryo

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7
Q

What are some examples of animals with Spiralians?

A

Molluscs and Arthropods

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8
Q

What are some examples of organisms with radialians embryos?

A

Cnidarians
Brachiopods
Bryozoans
Echinoderms
Hemichordates

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9
Q

What are the vast amount of metazoans?

A

protostomes

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10
Q

How are protostomes different from Deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes mouth develops first deuterostomes anus develops first

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11
Q

What are the sister groups to metazoans?

A

Fungi and Choanoflagellata

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12
Q

When are metazoans first thought to have been present?

A

At the base of the Cambrian but Ediacaran life has meant maybe pre-Cambrian

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13
Q

What are phylum porifera?

A

sponges

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14
Q

What are sponges like?

A

Very simplistic although some articulated specimens might have spicules made of biogenic silicon

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15
Q

What do sponges do?

A

Filter water for nutrients

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16
Q

What are Stromatoporoids?

A

sponges produced by calcium carbonate instead of silica which are now extinct but were common reef builders in Palaeozoic

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17
Q

What is an example of where stromatoporoids can be found?

A

Wren’s nest

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18
Q

What is included under the group Cnidarians?

A

Jellyfish
Sea anemones
Corals

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19
Q

What is the complexity of Cnidarians like?

A

simplest of common true metazoans (besides sponges) - few distinct tissues in radial plan

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20
Q

What is the mode of life for sea anemones and corals?

A

Attached (sessile)

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21
Q

What is the mode of life for jellyfish?

A

Free swimming (pelagic)

22
Q

What is the cycle of mode of life for Cnidarians?

A

Jellyfish can be attached to polyp and then placed into water column but can then potentially sink back don becoming attached

23
Q

What are Zoantharian corals?

A

hard corals- largely mineralised (have the best fossil record)

24
Q

What is the epitheca of Cnidarians?

A

The outer wall

25
Q

What is the mesentries of Cnidarians?

A

in polyp (fold like tissue) secrete septa (struts)

26
Q

How are mesentries best seen?

A

horizontal sections

27
Q

What are tabulae?

A

horizontal sheets in the corallite

28
Q

What are dissepiments?

A

small curved sheets commonly close to epitheca (bubble warp to outer wall)

29
Q

What are rugose corals composed of?

A

CALCITIC

30
Q

What is the septal insertion of rugose corals?

A

Serial insertion

31
Q

What is the process of serial insertion of septa for rugose corals?

A

Protoseptum
Cardinal and counter cardinal
Buttressed by alar
Counter lateral

32
Q

What is the septal insertion of Sclerantinian corals?

A

Cyclic

33
Q

When were Kilbuchophyllia present?

A

Mid-Ordovician

34
Q

What are Kilbuchphyllia an example of?

A

Iterative evolution

35
Q

What is iterative evolution?

A

When the same/ similar morphologies appear through evolution

36
Q

What are Kilbuchophyllia similar to?

A

septal insertion and microstructure identical to scleractinians

37
Q

What wiped out the evolutionary experiment which was Kilbuchophyllia?

A

located in one locality in scotland on the side of a volcano prone to landslip which is thought to have wiped them out

38
Q

What does Kilbuchophyllia demonstrate?

A

potential for the mineralisation of other soft bodied anemones

39
Q

What are all living zoantharian?

A

scleractinian

40
Q

How can scleractinians be ecologically divided?

A

hermatypic zooxanthellate
ahermatypic azooxanthellate

41
Q

What are ahermatypic azooxanthellate?

A

don’t have symbiotic algae

42
Q

What are hermatypic zooxanthellate?

A

have symbiotic photosynthesizing algae within inner cell layer

43
Q

What conditions are needed by hermatypic zooxanthellate?

A

Photic zone- shallow water (>50m)
Minimum water temperature 18 deg C
Normal marine salinity
Firm non-muddy substrate

44
Q

What conditions are needed by ahermatypic azooxanthellate corals

A

Common up to 500 m (extend to 6000 m)
Tolerate cold waters (0 deg C)
Most do not build reef-like structures
but some do

45
Q

What is a location where ahermatypic azooxanthellate are found?

A

Darwin Mounds: glass sponge Aphrocallistes and cold water coral Lophelia (affected by trawling and gas exploration)

46
Q

What is a coral reef?

A

presence of a framework structure is rigid and wave resistant (hermatypic zooxanthellate)

47
Q

What are bioherms?

A

formed below wave base ahermatypic azooxanthellate

48
Q

What is growth rate controlled by in modern coral reefs for hermatypic zooxanthellate?

A

Growth Rate and Form vary depending on light and water depth

49
Q

What did Palaeozoic coral growth rate vary based on?

A

Growth Rate and Form typically vary
depending on substrate and sedimentation

50
Q

How should genus and species be represented with an example?

A

Genus first letter capital
, species in italics
Domestic cat= Felis catus (italics)

51
Q

What is a species when applying it to corals?

A

a taxonomic division that generally refers to a group of organisms which are similar in structure

52
Q

What is an example of a fasciculate coral?

A

Phaceloid - corallites infilled by matric

Earth history and life - 29202 (29 decks)

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