metastasis 2 Flashcards
what is a reactive stroma
a stroma where cancer cells have invaded and interacted with it
what is MET
mesenchymal-epithelial transition
what is partial EMT
when the cell hasn’t fully gone from one state to the other
what is cluster migration?
when a bunch of cells migrate as a group
what is E-M plasticity
the cell can keep going from one state to the other
what is cell fate
what that cell will eventually turn into
what does having a mixed population of cells (some E some partial and some M) result in
secondary tumours
how does the TME (tumour microenvironment) influence cancer cell behaviour: CAFs
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts - fibroblasts secrete factors that change cancer cell behaviour e.g. uPA secretion
what does uPA do
it induces cells to become more mesenchymal
how does the TME (tumour microenvironment) influence cancer cell behaviour: immune cells
there is inflammation in tumours, macrophages produce the growth factor TGFβ which makes cancer cells change whether they’re epithelial or mesenchymal
how does the TME (tumour microenvironment) influence cancer cell behaviour: hypoxia
HIF-1 is turned on and that then turns on TWIST and ZEB which directly repress E-cadherin, making cells more mesenchymal
2 things that macrophages stimulate
invasion of the extracellular matrix and intravasation
what GF do cancer cells respond to that is released from macrophages
EGF - epidermal growth factor
what does EGF do
stimulates epidermal cells to grow and repair damage but it also stimulates cancer cells to grow
what do cancer cells produce that effects macrophages
CSF-1 - Colony-stimulating factor -1
what does CSF-1 do
interacts with macrophages to make them more active which in turn can make cancer cells more invasive
what happens regarding platelets when cancer cells enter the blood
platelets attach to the cancer cells and form a microthrombus which can protect the cancer cell from shear stress
what is shear stress
stress from the force of the flow of liquid (blood stream)
what happens if loads of platelets attach to a cancer cell in a capillary
it can all get stuck and make the cancer cell resident in a tissue
what growth factors do platelets release and what effect does this have on cancer cells
PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) and TGFβ
what does PDGF do
stimulate platelets to make more copies of itself, this can also stimulate cancer cells
how does EMT change how cells respond to drugs
there is an increase in ABC transporter expression, therefore drugs are exported out of the cell and so cancer cells are more resistant to drugs
what are ABC transporters?
transmembrane transporter proteins, help things leave cell
