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hallmarks of cancer > metastasis 1 > Flashcards

metastasis 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is metastasis

A

the process where cancer cells that originate in one part of the body end up in other places and form secondary tumours

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2
Q

where do prostate cancer cells normally metastasise to

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

where do colon cancer cells normally metastasise to

A

liver

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4
Q

where do breast cancer cells normally metastasise to

A

lungs and bone marrow

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5
Q

where do pancreatic cancer cells normally metastasise to

A

liver

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6
Q

overview of metastasis - 6 steps

A

primary tumour forms, the tumour cells invade into surrounding tissue, they meet barriers e.g. blood vessel walls and so they start to break through (intravasation), they interact with blood platelets and immune cells when in blood, they attach to the blood vessel wall and do extravasation. they then multiply and form a micrometastasis from there colonization occurs where a 2º tumour forms

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7
Q

why do cancer cells have to invade surrounding tissues

A

they divide more than they need to and they arent dying so there is a big mass of cells

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8
Q

what is intravasation

A

to invade across a blood vessel barrier and get into the blood supply

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9
Q

what is extravasation

A

moving out the blood vessel

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10
Q

what is a micrometastasis

A

a very small collection of tumour cells that are in a different location

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11
Q

what happens to most micrometastasis’

A

they invade new tissue and form and don’t grow

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12
Q

what is another name for 2º tumours

A

macrometastasis

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13
Q

define epithelial cell

A

cells that line tube structures

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14
Q

properties of epithelial cells (4)

A

polygonal/columnar shape, apico-basolateral polarisation, strong cell-cell adhesion, limited migratory potential

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15
Q

what is apico-basolateral polarisation

A

a type of cell polarity specific to epithelial cells, they have different faces

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16
Q

what cell is an example of a mesenchymal cell

A

white blood cell

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17
Q

difference between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in relation to movement

A

mesenchymal cells move around whereas epithelial cells stay in the same place

18
Q

what are the markers for epithelial cells (4)

A

E-cadherin, certain cytokertins, occludin, claudin

19
Q

what is e-cadherin

A

cell surface protein that acts as a molecular ‘velcro’ that sticks cells together

20
Q

properties of mesenchymal cells (4)

A

spindle shape, anterior-posterior polarization, focal cell-cell contacts, strong migratory potential

21
Q

markers for mesenchymal cells (3)

A

vimentin, N-Cadherin, fibronectin

22
Q

what does apical mean

A

top surface

23
Q

what does basolateral mean

A

side surfaces

24
Q

what does “spindle-shaped” mean

A

pointy

25
Q

what does anterior-posterior polarisation

A

they have a head and a tail, they have a directionality

26
Q

what are focal cell-cell contacts

A

grabbing onto something and pulling themselves along, make and break contact

27
Q

epithelial gene expression programme

A

epithelial cells have the ability to make all the proteins they need to be epithelial cells

28
Q

what type of protein is E-cadherin

A

transmembrane protein

29
Q

what does it mean when you say E-cadherin can dimerise

A

a molecule of E-cadherin can interact with a molecule of E-cadherin from another epithelial cell

30
Q

what happens to epithelial cells in cancer

A

they can change into mesenchymal cells and start interacting with the extra cellular matrix

31
Q

what do epithelial cells lose when they become cancerous (4)

A

cytokeratin expression, tight junctions and junctions involving e-cadherin, epithelial cell polarity, epithelial gene expression program

32
Q

what do epithelial cells acquire when they become cancerous (6)

A

fibroblast-like shape, motility, invasiveness, increased resistance to apoptosis, mesenchymal gene expression program, mesenchymal adherens junction protein (N-cadherin)

33
Q

what makes a cell be able to change its gene expression program

A

transcription factors

34
Q

what do most EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) transcription factors do

A

repress E-cadherin expression

35
Q

what does TWIST transcription factor do

A

binds to DNA and represses the promotor of the CDH1 gene which produces e-cadherin. Cell becomes mesenchymal

36
Q

TWIST cancer association

A

lots of cancer cells have high levels of TWIST, it induces cells to migrate to different places and its meant to be just in the embryo but cancer cells produce it anywau

37
Q

3 other examples of genes/proteins that repress E-cadherin

A

Goosecoid, Slug (SNAI2), Snail (SNAI1)

38
Q

what is the basement membrane made of

A

proteins - collagen fibre network

39
Q

how do cancer cells get through the basement membrane

A

they produce matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1)

40
Q

what is MMP-1

A

a gene that encodes collagenase-1

41
Q

what does collagenase do

A

breaks down collagen, can break up collagen fibres in basement membrane

42
Q

what does the degradation of the extra cellular matrix produce

A

growth factors, which can then help cells to grow

hallmarks of cancer (17 decks)

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