Metaphysics Exam Review Flashcards
The prejudicial view that interprets all of reality through the eyes of one’s own cultural beliefs and values
Ethnocentrism
Universal principles that apply to all people
Moral Objectivism
The theory that there are no moral facts, moral truths, and moral knowledge
Nihilism
The theory that moral principles gain their validity only through approval by the culture or the individual
Ethical Relativism
The relativist view that all moral principles are justified by virtue of their acceptance by an individual agent him or herself
Subjectivism
The theory that all moral principles are justified by virtue of their cultural acceptance
Conventionalism
What is considered morally right and wrong varies from society to society, so there are no universal moral standards held by all societies
Diversity Thesis
All moral principles derive their validity from cultural acceptance
Dependency Thesis
The application of moral principles is determined by a culture
Weak Dependency Thesis
Moral principles themselves are determined by culture
Strong Dependency Thesis
The theory that there are nonoverrideable moral principles that one ought never violate
Moral Absolutism
The theory that morality is a function of human nature and reason can discover valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity and society
Natural Law Theory
A duty that is tentatively blinding on us until one duty conflicts with another
Prima Facie Duty
The theory that objective moral principles are to be applied differently in different contexts
Ethical Situationalism
A thing that is good because of its nature and is not derived from other goods
Intrinsic Good
A thing that is worthy of desire because it is an effective means of attending our intrinsic goods
Instrumental Good
The theory that all pleasure is good, that pleasure is the only thing good in itself, and that all other goodness is derived from this value
Hedonism
The view that identifies all pleasure with sensual enjoyment
Sensualism
The view that identifies all pleasure with satisfaction or enjoyment, which may not involve sensuality
Satisfactionism
The moral and political theory that people collectively agree to behave morally as a way to reduce social chaos and create peace
Social Contract Theory
A war of all against all where there are no common ways of life, no enforced laws or moral rules, and no justice or injustice
State of Nature
an item that renders your whole existence invisible
Ring of Gyges
Models of social interaction involving games in which players make decisions that will bring each of them the greatest benefit
Game Theory
The answer, then, to the question “why should I be moral” is that I allow some disadvantage for myself so that I may reap an overall, long run advantage
Cooperate or Cheat
