Metanolism Flashcards
Where do we get energy
Stage 1:Gastrointestinal tracks absorbs nutrients
Stage 2: anabolism and catabolism of nutrients
Stage 3: oxidative phosphorylation (gets most of atp)
Respiration
Aerobics harvesting of energy from food
Regeneration of ATP
ADP +Pi+energy (from cellular respiration) = ATP
ATP= ADP + Pi + energy (atp hydrolyzed)
Energy comes from chemical energy by the breakdown of glucose (series of redox reactions)
Oxydizes when it looses electron
Reduction when gains electrons
Electrons moves to less electronegative to more electronegative has lost potential energy
1st step
Oxydization: of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate into 1,3 biphospjoglycerate
Redox: NAD+ into NADH + H+
NAD+ Carrie’s electrons, takes 2 electrons and one H, leaves one H+. Arrow curves away
Why multiple steps to cellular respiration
So much energy in glucose released all at once would kill the cell, all would be released as heat and owuld burn the cell
Multiple steps allows it to do work
Glucose
Lots of energy
Electron bank, NAD and dehydrogenase work together to extract these electrons
movement from less to more electronegative produces energy
From NAHD to atp
in inner mitochondrial membrane, NADH Deliver electrons to most electronegative atoms (oxygen) after being transferred to a chain of electron acceptors (carriers) slightly more electronegative than the one before (not in one step because so much energy released at once as heat and light would kill the cell)
Electrons keep going down because of the difference in electro negativity (electron transport chain)
energy is release in a control mannered, until it reaches oxygen
Electrons lose energy
exergonic reaction
oxygen will then be oxydized by H2 and become water
Energy will be captured to do work and later produce ATP through ADP
Mitochondria
has a double membrane in order to create an electron gradient
4 complexes, series of carriers that form these complexes
Some of the energy lost will be used to actively pump H+ from matrix to intermebrane space, to create a gradient of H+ in the intermembrane space
FADH transfers less protons than NADH
Each ATP molecule contains what % of the potential energy in a glucose molecule?
1% of the chemical energy of the glucose
Energy coupling
Coupling an endergonic (non spontaneous) and exogornic (spontaneous) so that the whole mechanism becomes spontaneous
What % of glucose’s energy is transformed in ATP molecules during aerobic cellular respiration?
40%, rest is converted to heat
Redox in cellular respiration
C6H12O6 oxidized into 6 CO2
6O2 reduced into 6H2O
Redox reactions
movement of electrons from one molecule to another
energy must be added to remove electron, the more electronegative the atom is, the more energy is needed
Oxydizes when it looses electron
Reduction when gains electrons
Electrons moves to less electronegative to more electronegative has lost potential energy
redox in cellular respiration
glucose oxydized into CO2
Oxygen reduced into H2O
removal of hydrogen calatized by dehydrogenase
coenzymes: NAD+ and FAD, carry electrons removed during the oxydation of glucose, needed to act as reversible hydrogen acceptors, becoming reduced each time a substrate is oxidized
electron pump
energy released from redox reactions is used to actively pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space, agaisnt its gradient, creating a proton gradient
certain members of electron transport chain will accept and release H+ along with the electrons, others wont
NADH donation of H is enough to pump about 10 H+
FADH2 enough to pump 6-7 H+
