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Earth Science Q2 > Metamorphism and Deformation > Flashcards

Metamorphism and Deformation Flashcards

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1
Q

the force applied per unit area

  • unit of measurement: N/m squared or Pascal
  • can exist without strain
A

stress

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2
Q

change in rocks due to different types of stress; deformation per unit area
- unitless; change in L over L
- cannot exist without stress

A

strain

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3
Q

types of stress

A

uniform and differential stress

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4
Q

the forces that act uniformly/equally from all directions; aka pressure

e.g. confining stress/pressure

A

uniform stress

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5
Q

the weight of overlying rocks that
exert pressure

A

confining pressure

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6
Q

stress where the forces are not equal
from all directions

A

differential stress

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7
Q

types of differential stress and its effect

A

tensional, compressional, and shear stress

  • rocks get deformed
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8
Q

this differential stress happens when pieces of rock are pulled apart.

  • produces normal fault
A

tensional stress

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9
Q

occurs when two blocks of rock move toward and push against one another

  • produces a reverse fault
A

compressional stress

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10
Q

when slabs of rock slide past each other horizontally in opposite directions. The rocks are not smashed into each other or pulled apart, but their edges slide along each other with a lot of friction.

  • produces a strike-slip fault
A

shearing stress

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11
Q

stages of deformation

A
  1. elastic deformation stage
  2. ductile deformation stage
  3. fracture stage
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12
Q

stage of deformation where the strain is reversible

A

elastic deformation stage

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13
Q

stage of deformation where the strain is irreversible/permanent; without breaking

A

ductile deformation stage

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14
Q

stage of deformation where the strain is irreversible/ permanent; rocks break

A

fracture stage

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15
Q

a material that does not return to its original shape after it is deformed

e.g. rocks

A

inelastic

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16
Q

type/behavior of materials
- affects deformation

A

brittle and ductile

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17
Q

materials that have a small or large region of elastic behavior but only a small region of ductile behavior before they fracture

A

brittle materials

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18
Q

materials that have a small region of elastic behavior and a large region of ductile behavior before they fracture

A

ductile materials

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19
Q

factors that affect the behavior of the material

A

temperature, confining pressure, strain rate, type of materials/composition

20
Q
  • at high temperature, molecules and their bonds can stretch and move, thus materials will behave in a more _____ manner
  • at low temp, materials are _________
A

ductile, brittle

21
Q
  • at high confining pressure, materials are less likely to fracture (__________)
  • at low, the material will be ______ and tend to fracture sooner
A

ductile, brittle

22
Q
  • at high strain rates, materials tend to fracture (___________)
  • at low, more time is available for individual atoms to move, thus _______ behavior is favored
A

brittle, ductile

23
Q

quartz and olivine behavior

A

brittle

24
Q

clay minerals such as calcite behavior

A

ductile

25
Q

water appears to weaken the chemical bonds and forms films around mineral grains

wet rock - ____________
dry rock - ______________

A

ductile, brittle

26
Q

effects of deformation

A

joints, folds, faults, metamorphism

27
Q

natural cracks on the surface produced by brittle deformation due to tensional stress

A

joints

28
Q

contortion of rock layers forming wave-like curves due to ductile deformation caused by compressional stress

A

folds

29
Q
  • planar fracture on rocks caused by differential stress
A

faults

30
Q

the process that occurs when rocks change their form into a new one without undergoing melting or disintegration
* size, shape, and arrangement of grains in the rocks may change (physical) or new minerals may grow (chemical)

A

metamorphism

31
Q

original rock of metamorphism

A

protolith

32
Q

factors of metamorphism

A

temperature, pressure chemically-active fluids, parent rock

33
Q

why shouldn’t the rock melt or disintegrate during metamorphism

A

because it will become magma

34
Q

endogenic metamorphism

A

regional, contact, hydrothermal, cataclastic/dynamic

35
Q

exogenic x endogenic metamorphism

A

burial

36
Q

exogenic/extraterrestrial metamorphism

A

shock

37
Q

occurs due to pressure and heat applied to rocks by converging plates and mountain building
- produce a large volume of metamorphic rocks
- high pressure and temperature but low water

A

regional metamorphism

38
Q

occurs due to heating (“baking”) of country rocks by rising magma (magma intrusion)
- high temperature, no added pressure; fluids may be present from groundwater reservoir or seafloor
- examples: marble, quartzite, and hornfels

A

contact metamorphism

39
Q

driven by hot fluid, commonly water
- addition of fluids promotes recrystallization (change in size and shape of minerals, physical) and neocrystallization (formation of new minerals by
chemical reaction with fluids)
- occurs in oceanic ridges (diverging plates), subduction zone (converging plates), and groundwater near magma chamber
- Example: serpentine; blueschist

A

hydrothermal metamorphism

40
Q

due to the shearing of plastic-like rocks near the fault line; example: mylonite

A

cataclastic/dynamic

41
Q

due to the confining pressure of overlying rocks and the increasing temperature and pressures at the deeper portion of the crust; example: metaconglomerate

A

burial

42
Q

due to the pressure brought by the impact of extraterrestrial objects
(i.e. meteorites); metamorphic rocks formed are called impactite

A

shock

43
Q

two types of metamorphic rocks

A

foliated and non-foliated

44
Q

type of metamorphic rock

Minerals are aligned in parallel layers and form bands
- Rocks commonly form flakes when they break

A

foliated

44
Q

type of metamorphic rock

Minerals are aligned in parallel layers and form bands
- Rocks commonly form flakes when they break

A

foliated

45
Q

type of metamorphic rock

Minerals are randomly oriented and usually have
granular appearance
- Rocks do not flake in thin layers when they break

A

non-foliated

46
Q

with increasing temp and pressure, metamorphic grade also _____________. the higher the metamorphic grade, the more _____ the rock will be from its original form

A

increases, changed

Earth Science Q2 (7 decks)

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