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Earth Science Q2 > Magmatism > Flashcards

Magmatism Flashcards

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1
Q

Endogenic Processes

A
  • Magma Formation and Volcanism
  • Diastrophism/Deformation
  • Earthquake
  • Metamorphism
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2
Q

Factors in Magma Formation

A
  • temperature
  • pressure
  • addition of volatiles
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3
Q

molten rocks found beneath the earth’s surface
* temperature ranges from 800-1400 C
* possess the ability to flow due to high temperature
* commonly forms between the lower crust and the upper mantle
* less dense than surrounding rocks; therefore, capable of rising to the surface
* is called lava when it reached the surface
composed of abundant
elements
* most common component
is silica (about 45-75% by mass)
* contains dissolved gases
like CO2 and water vapor
(0.2-3%)

A

magma

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4
Q

flow of magma

A

mantle plume - hotspot - magma chambers

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5
Q

an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The heat from this extra hot magma causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust, which leads to widespread volcanic activity on Earth’s surface above it

A

mantle plume

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6
Q
  • fed by a region deep within the Earth’s mantle from which heat rises through the process of convection. This heat facilitates the melting of rock at the base of the lithosphere, where the brittle, upper portion of the mantle meets Earth’s crust. The melted rock, known as magma, often pushes through cracks in the crust to form volcanoes.

occurs due to abnormally hot centres in the mantle known as mantle plumes.

A

volcanic hotspots

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7
Q

The location beneath the vent of a volcano where molten rock (magma) is stored prior to eruption. Also known as a magma storage zone or magma reservoir.

A

magma chamber

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8
Q

a fluid’s resistance to flow
- the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction.
- opposite of fluidity

A

viscosity

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9
Q

what affects the magma’s viscosity

A

silica content and temperature

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10
Q

More Silica/Lower Temperature

A

more viscous

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10
Q

Less Silica/Higher Temperature

A

less viscous (more fluid)

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11
Q

Factors Affecting Magma Formation

A

partial melting & fractionation

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12
Q

occurs when only a portion of a solid is melted. For mixed substances, such as a rock containing several different minerals or a mineral that displays solid solution, this melt can be different from the bulk composition of the solid.

(Rocks are composed of different minerals with different melting point, When the rocks begin to melt, only certain minerals are melted.)

A

partial melting

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13
Q

A eutectic mixture is a homogeneous mixture of substances that melts or solidifies at a single temperature that is lower than the melting point of any of the constituents. What is the term for its temperature?

A

Eutectic Temperature

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13
Q

During melting, magma that
formed first tends to be richer
in silica.
* Some minerals, usually
metals, can already
crystallize/remains solid
despite the high temperature.
* This high density rocks settle
at the bottom while less
dense magma will rise.

What is this called

A

Fractional Crystallization/Fractionation

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14
Q

Types of Magma Formation

A

heat transfer melting, decompression melting, flux melting

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14
Q

Types of Magma Formation

A

heat transfer melting, decompression melting, flux melting

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15
Q

The melting of surrounding rocks
due to the rising magma.
* Magma from the asthenosphere (upper mantle) melts the rocks in the lower crust.
* This occurs in hotspots, rift valleys, ocean ridges, and subduction zones or anything with the presence of magma
- through conduction

A

heat transfer melting

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16
Q

The temperature stays the same but the pressure decreases.
* It usually occurs in rift valleys, oceanic ridges, and volcanic hotspots/divergent plate boundaries

A

decompression melting

17
Q

When water or volatile gases are
added, they will react with rocks
and will weaken or break their
bonds and cause them to change
from solid to liquid.
* This usually occurs in subduction
zones.

A

flux melting

18
Q

What happens after magma is formed

A

Crystallization and Volcanic Eruption

19
Q

describes the temperature at which minerals crystallize when cooled, or melt when heated.
- The sequence of mineral crystallization
- partial melting and fractionation

A

Bowen’s Reaction Series.

20
Q

a Bowen’s reaction series branch where it starts with olivine, then pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite.

  • reaction series - each mineral in the series is replaced by the next one as the molten cools.
  • At a certain temperature, magma might produce olivine, but if that same magma was allowed to cool further, the olivine would “react” with the residual magma, and change to the next mineral on the series (in this case pyroxene). Continue cooling and the pyroxene would convert to amphibole, and then to biotite.
A

discontinuous series

21
Q

this Bowen’s reaction series branch describes the evolution of the plagioclase feldspars as they evolve from being calcium-rich to more sodium-rich.

A

continuous branch

22
Q

as the temperature drops, in Bowen’s reaction series, the branches merge and we obtain the minerals common to the felsic rocks - __________________________

A

orthoclase/potassium/alkaline feldspar, muscovite mica, and quartz (the banana slug of the mineral world)

23
Q

Occurs when lava is ejected to the surface through an opening in the earth’s crust.
- can be explosive or effusive

A

volcanic eruption

24
Q

non-explosive or quiet Eruption
* dominated by the flow of lava and the formation of fountains
and lakes
- Less Silica/Higher Temperature → Less Viscous

A

effusive eruption

25
Q

violent or Plinian eruption
* ejects ash and larger
fragments of broken up
pyroclastic materials,
forming ash clouds that
eventually, collapse and
cover the slope of the
volcano
- More Silica/Lower Temperature → More Viscous
- Addition of volatiles such as water vapor and gases commonly
results to an explosive eruption

A

explosive eruption

26
Q

TYPE OF ERUPTION BASED ON MAGMA-WATER INTERACTION

A

magmatic eruption, phreatic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption

27
Q

magma-driven eruption
(I Hate Some Very Popular People)

A

magmatic eruption (icelandic, hawaiian, strombolian, Vulcanian, pelean, plinian)

28
Q
  • characterized by effusions of molten basaltic lava that flow from long, parallel fissures. Such outpourings often build lava plateaus.
A

icelandic

29
Q
  • similar to the Icelandic variety. In this case, however, fluid lava flows from a volcano’s summit and radial fissures to form shield volcanoes, which are quite large and have gentle slopes.
A

hawaiian

30
Q
  • involve moderate bursts of expanding gases that eject clots of incandescent lava in cyclical or nearly continuous small eruptions. Because of such small frequent outbursts, Stromboli volcano, located on Stromboli Island off the northeast coast of Italy, has been called the “lighthouse of the Mediterranean.”
A

strombolian

31
Q
  • named for Vulcano Island near Stromboli, generally involves moderate explosions of gas laden with volcanic ash. This mixture forms dark, turbulent eruption clouds that rapidly ascend and expand in convoluted shapes.
A

vulcanian

32
Q

is associated with explosive outbursts that generate pyroclastic flows, dense mixtures of hot volcanic fragments and gas that roll down slopes at high speed

A

pelean

33
Q

an intensely violent kind of volcanic eruption
- The uprushing gases and volcanic fragments resemble a gigantic rocket blast directed vertically upward.
- clouds can rise into the stratosphere and are sometimes continuously produced for several hours.
- Lightning strikes caused by a buildup of static electricity are common close toits ash clouds, adding one more element of terror to the eruption.

A

plinian

34
Q

KINDS OF VOLCANO ACCORDING TO SHAPE AND COMPOSITION

A

cinder cone, shield, composite

35
Q
  • has a wide base with gently
    sloping sides
    -made up purely of solidified
    lava
    -formed from an effusive eruption
    Examples: Mauna Kea and
    Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii,
    Olympus Mons in Mars
A

shield cone volcano

36
Q

composed of alternating layers
of lava and cinders
- formed when volcanic
eruptions vary between quiet
and violent and explosive.
Examples: Mt. Fuji in Japan, Mt.
Vesuvius and Mt. Stromboli in
Italy and Mt. Mayon in the
Philippines

A

composite volcano

37
Q

-made up of loose fragments called cinders (pyroclasts and tephra)
-it has a narrow base and a steep
slope
-it is formed from explosive eruption.
Examples: Sunset Crater in Arizona,
Mt. Pelee’ in the West Indies

A

cinder cone volcano

38
Q

KINDS OF VOLCANO ACCORDING TO ACTIVITY

A

active, potentially active, inactive/dormant, extinct

39
Q

They erupted within the last 600 years based on history documented by man or if it
has erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of volcanic rock deposits.
(e.g. Mt. Mayon)

A

active

40
Q

These are young-looking, or newly formed volcanoes but have no records of eruption whether based on historical or analytical data. (e.g Mt. Apo)

A

potentially active

41
Q

These volcanoes have no
record of eruption and their physical forms were changed by erosion and weathering such as the formation of deep and long water channels. Although, they may still show signs of the presence of magma within by emission of gases and presence of hot springs. (e.g. Mt. Makiling)
- old

A
  • inactive/dormant
42
Q

This type of volcano is considered unlikely to erupt again because they do not have magma supply anymore. (e.g. Mt. Guinsiliban)

A

extinct

Earth Science Q2 (7 decks)

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