metalanaguage Flashcards
phonetics
Phonetics and phonology refer to the study of the sounds of language. Phonetics refers to how sounds are produced, transmitted and received.
IPA
the IPA is a phonetic notation system used to represent all the sounds in human speech.
Prosodic features
Prosodic features are stress, pitch, intonation, tempo and volume.
pitch
refers to the height of a sound
Vocal cords vibrate faster for a higher pitch and slower for a lower pitch
stress
is emphasis on a syllable of a certain word in a phrase or sentence
e.g: ‘catastrophe’ OR (ca^tastrophe) OR (Catastrophe)
volume
loudness of speech
tempo
AKA pace, concerns the speed we speak at
Fast speech could indicate excitement or nervousness
slow speech could indicate reflection
intonation
is the pattern of pitch changes in speech; the patterns made by rising and falling pitch
i.e we have a higher pitch at. the end of the sentence when asking a question
denontation
the dictionary meaning of a word
connantation
the emotional meaning of words (influenced by personality, belief and experience)
for example :
- bloody
- rosy
dipthong
a combination of two vowels
phonology
- phonology is the study of the sound system of a language.
- there are 44 sounds in australian english
morphology
Morphology refers to the grammar of the word, where it fits into a sentence and how we can break it down.
Lexicology
Lexicology concerns the whole word, its meaning and etymology. also how it can be decoded into other languages.
nouns
Words that name people, places and things
types of nouns
- common nouns
- count
- non-count nouns
- proper nouns
- collective nouns
- plural nouns
common nouns
Common nouns can be concrete (touchable, can be known through the senses) or abstract (ideas, concepts, emotions). Concrete common nouns include words such as “table ‘,’ giraffe ‘,’ skeleton ‘,’ kangaroo ‘and’ jump ‘(also a verb, but more on this later). If we can see, touch, taste, hear or smell it, it is considered concrete. Abstract common nouns include concepts such as ‘truth’, ‘bravery’ and ‘justice’. Common nouns can be further divided into
count nouns
Count nouns are nouns that can be counted and can therefore also be made plural: for example, ‘coin’, ‘book’.
non-count nouns
Non-count nouns refer to things that cannot be counted, and have no plural form: for example, ‘traffic’, ‘information’.
proper nouns
Proper nouns are always capitalized and name specific things (usually places people) such as ‘Melbourne’, ‘Flinders Street Station’, ‘Imogene’ and ‘Nguyen’.
Collective nouns
Collective nouns include the names for groups of animals, people and things. Examples include ‘swarm’ (group of bees), ‘murder’ (group of crows) and ‘parliament’ (group of owls), as well as ‘police’ (group of police officers), ‘family’ (group of related members ) and ‘people’ (group of humans).
Adjectives
Adjectives define or modify nouns. They can refer to qualities (“red ‘,’ round ‘), size (‘ tiny ‘,’ huge ‘), judgments (‘ wicked ‘,’ attractive”) or degree of comparison (‘faster’).
adverbs
adverbs perform a range of functions, this is a sizeable and at times confusing word class. The function you are probably most familiar with is to modify verbs, but they can also modify adjectives (‘very tired’, ‘really angry’ ) and even other adverbs (“terribly slowly”, “unbelievably rapidly”).
types of adverbs
time: ‘soon’, ‘later’
frequency: ‘always’, ‘occasionally’, ‘never’
manner: ‘unconvincingly’, ‘slowly’, ‘torrentially’
place: ‘around’, ‘everywhere’, ‘here’, ‘there’
degree: ‘completely’, ‘totally’, ‘very’, ‘somewhat’
