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Biochem II > Metabolism of Dietary Lipids > Flashcards

Metabolism of Dietary Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

List the different classes of lipids (5)

A 
Fatty Acids
Triaclyglycerol
Phospholipid
Steroids
Glycolipids
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2
Q

What makes up a TAG?

A

Glycerol and 3 fa

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3
Q

Fatty acids usually contain an organic acid group. What is the name of this acid?

A

Carboxylic acid

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4
Q

What makes up a phospholipid?

A

glycerol, 2 fa, and at least 1 phosphate group

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5
Q

What type of enzymes will break down lipids?

A

Lipases and esterases

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6
Q

What type of fatty acid chains do lipase’s usually digest and where in the body does this occur?

A

Short fatty acid chains TAGS in the stomach

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7
Q

Where is the gastric endocrine system activated?

A

The duodenum

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8
Q

What enzyme will catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids containing fa

A

Pancreatic Lipases

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9
Q

What substance of the body all help to emulsify lipids and what is the general mechanism?

A

Bile

They increase reactive surface area by decreasing clumping.

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10
Q

Where are bile salts made, stored, and delivered in the body?

A

Made: liver
Stored: gall bladder
Delivered: duodenum

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11
Q

Do both gastric and lingual lipase’s hydrolyze ester bonds in short and medium chain TAGS?

A

Yes!

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12
Q

Bile salts are derivatives of what steroid compound?

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

What hormone will activate the secretion of bile?

A

Cholecystokinin CKK

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14
Q

The target for the pancreatic enzymes include:

A

TAG(lipase), Cholesterol ester(esterase), phospholipid digestion(lipase)

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15
Q

What hormone is secreted in response to protein/lipids in the small intestine?

A

Cholestystokinin

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16
Q

Name a few functions of Cholestystokinin

A

Decreases gastric emptying, increases bile secretion and the secretion of zymogens activated by trypsin

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17
Q

Secretin acts on what cells in the body?

A

Pancreas exocrine cells

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18
Q

What does secretin secrete?

A

Bicarbonate to increase pH

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19
Q

What is the function of the chylomicron?

A

Delivers food derived fatty acids from the intestine to the cell.

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20
Q

Where are the chylomicrons assembled and secreted to?

A

In enterocytes and secreted to the lymph system.

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21
Q

If a fatty acid has no double bonds it is called?

A

Saturated

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22
Q

Fatty acids that are used for structure such as cellular membranes generally have how many carbons?

A

16

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23
Q

Fatty acids with double bonds in biological systems are usually in what conformation?

A

Cis

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24
Q

Fatty acids with chains lengths of 4 to 10 are found in what liquid?

A

Milk

25
Q

What 2 hormones control the release of fatty acids from adipocytes?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

26
Q

Glucagon and epinephrine will bind to what part of the cell and will activate a signal cascade of what kind of enzyme?

A

Both bind a receptor on the cell membrane of adipocyte activating protein kinase A (PKA)

27
Q

By what mechanism does PKA activate the hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Phosphorylation

28
Q

How are fatty acids carried in the blood stream?

A

Serum Albumin

29
Q

In the case where there are more than one double bond the double bonds usually spaced by at least how many carbons?

A

3

30
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids that we cannot synthesize?

A

Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid

31
Q

In humans where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Lactating mammary glands
Liver
Adipose tissues

32
Q

What 3 things does fatty acid synthesis require?

A

Reduced NADPH
Acetyl CoA
ATP

33
Q

What does acetyl CoA require to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

A citrate to pyruvate shuttle

34
Q

Where do we obtain mitochondrial CoA?

A

1) pyruvate, 2) ketone bodies, 3) fatty acid breakdown (β-oxidation) and 4) some amino acids

35
Q

What is the rate limiting step of fa synthesis?

A

Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA to form Malonyl CoA

36
Q

What intermediate can cause ACC to polymerize and activates it?

A

Citrate

37
Q

What will deactivate ACC?

A

Long chain fatty acyl CoA (palmitic acyl CoA) the end product of fatty acid synthesis

38
Q

A continuous diet of excessive calories will cause and increase in…

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase enzyme synthesized. This will increase fatty acid synthesis.

39
Q

The major pathway for catabolism of fatty acids is called?

A

Beta-oxidation

40
Q

In Beta-oxidation how many carbon fragments are removed at a time?

A

2

41
Q

What are the end products of beta-oxidation?

A

acyl CoA
NADH
FADH2

42
Q

What is used to move acyl CoA into the mitochondria?

A

Carnitine Shuttle

43
Q

What happens to the acyl group with the Carnitine Shuttle?

A
  • the acyl group is transferred to the carnitine via carnitine palmitoyl transferase I an enzyme on the outside membrane of the mitochondria.
44
Q

The acyl carnitine will pass through the inner membrane in exchange for what?

A

In exchange for free carnitine which passes outside the inner mitochondrial through the same Translocase transporter that acyl-carnitine passed through.

45
Q

Once inside the mitochondria how is the acyl group freed?

A

By the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase II (CPT2)

46
Q

What is the energy production from β-oxidation of one palmitoyl CoA?

A

It yields 8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH and 7 FADH2 from which 131 ATP can be generated.

47
Q

What is the total net ATP production of Beta-oxidation?

A

129 ATP

48
Q

The oxidation of saturated or unsaturated yields more energy?

A

Saturated

49
Q

What happens to very long fatty acids during catabolism?

A

They undergo a preliminary β-oxidation in peroxisomes.

50
Q

What is the name of the 3 carbon odd numbered fatty acid?

A

Propionyl-CoA

51
Q

The enzymes to process propionyl-CoA will require other co-enzymes and co-factors what are they?

A

The carboxylase requires Biotin and ATP

The mutase requires Vit B12

52
Q

Propionyl-CoA will be converted to what compound and enters what cycle?

A

Succinyl CoA - TCA cycle

53
Q

Where does omega-oxidation occur in the body?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of liver/kidney

54
Q

Acetone, and d-beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are examples of what type of molecules?

A

Ketones

55
Q

T or F

The liver can easily metabolize ketone bodies

A

False

56
Q

Ketone bodies have the potential to produce how many ATP?

A

24

57
Q

When are ketone bodies produced?

A

When acetyl CoA in the liver is in excess of the livers oxidative capacity.

58
Q

What are the two key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Fatty Acid Synthase

59
Q

T or F

Acetyl CoA cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane to be used in the cytosol.

A

True

Biochem II (3 decks)

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