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Biochem II > Complex Lipids > Flashcards

Complex Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of Triacylglycerides?

A

Energy
Insulation
Buoyancy (whales)

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2
Q

Trihydric alcohol is related to what part of a TAG?

A

Glycerol backbone

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3
Q

The esterfication of glycerol with fa what would be the product?

A

TAG

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4
Q

What does saponification mean?

A

Treatment with alkali

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5
Q

The saponification of triacylglycerols leads to the formation of?

A

hydrolysis and formation of fatty acid salts or soaps.

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6
Q

In TAG synthesis we want to produce glycerol phosphate. From what biochemical cycle is the glycerol phosphate come from?

A

Glycolysis via oxidation of DHAP or phosphorylation of glycerol by glycerol kinase.

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7
Q

The final destination of TAGs (2)

A

Liver: packaged into VLDLs
Adipocytes: packed into nearly anhydrous lipid droplets.

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8
Q

What are the membrane lipids?

A

Phospho and Glycolipids

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9
Q

Polar membrane lipids are known to have this special property?

A

Amphipathic - having polar group on one end and a hydrophobic group at the other.

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10
Q

How do we synthesize Phospholipids?

A

A phosphate esterfied to glycerol or sphingosine

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11
Q

Sugars esterfied to glycerol or sphingosine is known as?

A

Glycolipids

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12
Q

Name the two classes of phospholipids

A

Glycerophospholipids

Sphingolipids

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13
Q

What are the non polar membrane lipids?

A

Sterols

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14
Q

What makes up a Glycerophospholipid?

A

Glycerol
2 FA
Phosphate
Alcohol

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15
Q

Sphingolipids are composed of?

A

Sphingosine
FA
Phosphate
Choline

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16
Q

Are glycerophospholipids: non polar, polar, highly polar

A

Highly polar

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17
Q

Name a glycerophospholipid

A

Phosphatidic Acid

Phosphatidylcholine

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18
Q

What is a second type of a glycerophopholipid group

A

Ether Lipids - ether linkage instead of an ester linkage.

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19
Q

What is considered one of the most potent bioactive molecules synthesized and released by a variety of cells?

A

Platelet Activating Factor PAF

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20
Q

What cells does PAF activate?

A

Inflammatory

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21
Q

Sphingosine has what type of long chain backbone? Instead of?

A

Amino alcohol backbone instead of glycerol backbone

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22
Q

The fatty acid also has a different linkage in a sphingosine. What is the difference?

A

Amide linkage not ester

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23
Q

In what tissues do we find spingolipids?

A

Neural and non neural tissues.

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24
Q

When X = H for spinghosine what is the name of that sphingolipid?

A

Ceramide

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25
Q

Name another important Sphingolipid found in a lot of neural tissue

A

Sphingomyelin

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26
Q

What type of acid is made during the synthesis of TAGs

A

Phosphatidic acid

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27
Q

Phosphatidic acid can make 2 different compounds. What are they?

A

CDP-diacyclglycerol to attach glycerol to inositol

CDP-alcohol -choline, or -ethanolamine

28
Q

What can be made from choline and ethanolamine directly?

A

PC and PE

29
Q

What is the name of the major surfactant in the lungs and what does it allow for?

A

DPPC or dipalmitoyl phophatidyl choline allows for ease of alveolar inflation and prevents its collapse

30
Q

DPPC is secreted by what type of cells?

A

Type II Pneumocytes

31
Q

What syndrome is related to surfactant production? Is it too much or too little surfactant secretion?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome RDS in perterm infants with insufficient surfactant production.

32
Q

A fetus must get to how many months for adequate production of surfactant?

A

8

33
Q

What can accelerate lung maturation in a fetus?

A

Giving the mother glucocorticoids shortly before delivery

34
Q

What is another method to prevent and treat infant RDS?

A

Giving natural or synthetic surfactant by intratracheal infusion

35
Q

Humans cannot synthesize enough of this amino acids to cover our needs and this is an essential nutrient of the body?

A

Choline

36
Q

A Salvage Pathway involves either these two processes?

A
  1. Decarboxylating phosphatidyl serine or

2. Exchanging serine in PS with Ethanolamine

37
Q

Exchanging serine in PS with Ethanolamine is followed by these 3 chemical processes:

A

SAM mediated methylations

38
Q

Why do we need Phosphatidyl Inositol?

A

It serves as a reservoir of arachidonic acid in membrane and provides the substrate for prostaglandin synthesis.

39
Q

Phosphatidyl inositol is synthesized from what?

A

Free Inositol and CDP-diacylglycerol

40
Q

What type of acid does phosphotidyl have on carbon 1 of its glycerol? carbon 2?

A

C1: Stearic Acid
C2: Arachidonic Acid

41
Q

The phosophorylation of membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol produces this compound?

A

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)

42
Q

What enzyme can degrade PIP2?

A

Phospholipase C

43
Q

Why does the degradation of PIP2 occur?

A

In response to a variety of neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors to receptors on the cell membrane

44
Q

The product of the degradation of PIP2?

A

1,4,5- triphosphateinositol and diacylglycerol

45
Q

1,4,5- triphosphateinositol and diacylglycerol mediate what important cell functions?

A

The activation of intracellular calcium and protein kinase C

46
Q

How can some specific proteins attached to membrane bound glycosylated phophatidylinositol GPI?

A

Covalently attached via a carbohydrate bridge

47
Q

Being attached to a membrane lipid allows GPI-anchored protein to do what?

A

Lateral mobility on the surface of the plasma membrane

48
Q

How can the protein be cleaved off its anchor?

A

By the action of phospholipase C

49
Q

What is the function of GPI?

A

Anchors proteins to the cell so it could travel the membrane interrogating the extracellular space.

50
Q

For the disease Paroxsymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) the most common enzyme that is defective is?

A

PIGA

phosphatidylinositol glycan A

51
Q

Where is the gene that codes for PIGA located?

A

X Chromosome

52
Q

What does a phospholipase recognize?

A

An intact phospholipid

53
Q

Phospholipase A1 does what?

A

Hydrolyzes the C1 ester, releasing a fa

54
Q

What is the function of Phospholipase A2?

A

Hydrolyzes the C2 ester

55
Q

Where is Phopholipase A2 prevalent and what is it important for?

A

In tissues, pancreatic juice.

Important for release of arachidonic acid

56
Q

What will inhibit Phopholipase A2?

A

Glucocorticoids ex: Cortisol

57
Q

What is a major structural lipid found in membranes?

A

Sphingomylelin

58
Q

Sphingomyelin is initially synthesized using what two things?

A

Palmitoyl-CoA

Serine

59
Q

Where is sphingomyleninase’s found?

A

Lysosome

60
Q

Sphingomyelininase initiates degradation by removing what group of the sphingomyelin? what does it leave behind?

A

Phophorylcholine leaving a ceramide

61
Q

What breaks down a ceramide?

A

Ceramidase

62
Q

What makes up a Neutral Glycosphingolipid?

A

A glucose or galactose or other neutral carb + ceramide

63
Q

What part of the Neutral Glycosphingolipid is the hydrophobic tail?

A

Ceramide

64
Q

An oligosaccharide containing one to several acidic sugar derivatives attached to ceramide makes what?

A

Acidic Glycosphingolipids

65
Q

Where are Acidic Glycosphingolipids catabolized?

A

The Lysosomes

Biochem II (3 decks)

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