Metabolism/Nutrition/Energy Balance Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
Name the 4 most important
Large molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
What the functions of Proteins? (6)
Enzymes Antibodies Hormones Structure Contraction Transport
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy Source
What are the functions of lipids?
Energy
Membrane components
Hormones
What is the function of nucleic acid?
Information storage and transmission via DNA and RNA.
How are carbohydrates classified?
Which are considered complex and why?
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides Polysaccharides (>10 mononumeric units)
Polysaccharides as they need to be broken down before they can be absorbed.
What are the 4 main types of lipids?
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides (Triacylglycerides)
Cholesterol
Cholesterol esters.
How can lipids be modified?
Phospholipids: Addition of phosphate to a fatty acid chain via glycerol or sphingosine.
Glycolipids: Carbohydrate saccharide attatches to a fatty acid chain directly or via glycerol or sphingosine.
What are the two modified lipids and why are they important?
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Both are important components of cell membranes, especially phospholipids (bi-layer)
Glycolipids act as cell surface recognition molecules.
What are ketone bodies why are they formed and what is their clinical relevance?
Acetoacetic acid + B-hydroxybutyric acid.
Small fatty acids formed by oxidation of fatty acids in the liver.
They are formed during fasting and act to protect the brain.
Type 1 diabetics can have an excessive formation of ketone bodies during hypoglycaemia causing ketoacidosis.
What clinical condition occurs due to a build of ketone bodies?
Who is most susceptible to this and what is a test for early onset?
Ketoacidosis
Type 1 diabetes during hypoglycaemia
Acetone is formed as bi-product of ketone body metabolism and is exhaled.
What are the main sources of energy? (4)
Glucose
Fatty Acids
Ketones
Amino Acids
How are triglycerides stored?
Which storage system is considered most harmful in large amounts?
In white adipose tissue (internal, visceral or subcutaneous?)
Visceral
How can glucose be stored?
Triglyceride
Glycogen
How is glucose stored and where?
Glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle
Triglycerides
Can fatty acids be converted to glucose?
Can glucose be converted to fatty acid?
No
Yes
What are the names of the major glucose transporters and what method of transport to they use?
Which are sensitive to insulin?
GLUT 1-5 Passive transport
SGLT 1 & 2 Active transport.
GLUT-1,3&4
What is the energy carrying molecule?
How does it release and store energy?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy from oxidation of nutrient is stored in high-energy bonds when a phosphate group is added to ADP. (catabolism)
The energy stored in the high energy bond of the phosphate group is released when needed (anabolism).
