metabolism (general)

Question 1

2 enzymes that metabolize ethanol, inhibitors

Answer 1

alcohol dehydrogenase (X fomepazole)
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (X disulfuram)

Question 2

why does hypoglyemia occur with ethanol intoxication?

Answer 2

increased NADH/NAD+ ratio causes pyruvate to be converted to lactate and oxaloacetate to be converted to malate to regenerate NAD+, thus depleting gluconeogenic precursors

Question 3

kwashiorkor

Answer 3

protein malnutrition leading to:
edema
anemia (decreased proteins for cell division)
fatty liver (decreased ApoB100)

Question 4

marasmus

Answer 4

energy malnutrition, decreased muscle and decreased subcutaneous fat

Question 5

refeeding syndrome

Answer 5

occurs after 5+ days of decreased nutrient intake, cells will dump ions into blood during starvation; upon refitting, cells will take up nutrients very quickly, leading to decreased serum PO4, K, Mg = risk of arrhythmia, neurologic problems, decreased ATP

Question 6

processes in mitochondria (4)

Answer 6

fatty acid B-oxidation
Acetyl-CoA production
TCA cycle
oxidate phosphorylation

Question 7

processes the occur in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria

Answer 7

heme synthesis
urea cycle
gluconeogenesis

Question 8

mnemonic for processes in cytoplasm and mitochondria

Answer 8

HUGs take two

Question 9

difference between kinase and phosphorylase

Answer 9

kinase take P from ATP

phosphorylase uses Pi

Question 10

rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis

Answer 10

PFK-1

Question 11

rate limiting enzyme for gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Question 12

rate limiting enzyme for TCA cycle

Answer 12

isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 13

rate limiting enzyme for glycogen synthesis

Answer 13

glycogen synthase

Question 14

rate limiting enzyme for glycogenolysis

Answer 14

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 15

rate limiting enzyme for HMP shunt

Answer 15

G6P dehydrogenase

Question 16

rate limiting enzyme for de novo pyrimidine synthesis

Answer 16

CPS II

Question 17

rate limiting enzyme for de novo purine synthesis

Answer 17

glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase

Question 18

rate limiting enzyme for urea cycle

Answer 18

CPS I

Question 19

rate limiting enzyme for fatty acid synthesis

Answer 19

acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Question 20

rate limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation

Answer 20

carnitine acyltransferase I

Question 21

rate limiting enzyme for ketogenesis

Answer 21

HMG-CoA synthase

Question 22

rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis

Answer 22

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 23

energy source during exercise (first seconds)

Answer 23

stored ATP
creatine phosphate
anaerobic glycolysis

Question 24

energy source during exercise (minutes)

Answer 24

oxidative phosphorylation of glucose

Question 25

energy source during exercise (hours)

Answer 25

glycogenolysis

fatty acid oxidation

Question 26

3 basic goals during starvation

Answer 26

maintain glucose to brain
maintain glucose to RBCs
preserve muscle

Question 27

main energy source during 1 day fast

Answer 27

hepatic glycogen stores

Question 28

energy sources during 1-3 days fast (3)

Answer 28

hepatic glycogen (depleted)
Free fatty acids from adipose (muscle, liver)
hepatic gluconeogenesis

Question 29

energy sources during 3+ day fast

Answer 29

adipose stores
ketone bodies (main for heart and brain)

Question 30

what determines survival time?

Answer 30

amount of stored adipose tissue (use of FFA/ketone body synthesis slows muscle consumption)