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MIC 102 > Metabolism Extravaganza! > Flashcards

Metabolism Extravaganza! Flashcards

1
Q

What is growth metabolism?

A
  • life generating processes
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2
Q

What is maintenance metabolism?

A
  • life-sustaining processes such as
  • non-growth processes
  • cell structure repair
  • motility
  • secretion
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3
Q

How do microbes promote growth, the very initial steps?

A
  • entry of carbon and energy sources is the common beginning
  • if there is energy to be gained, some bacteria can probably acquire it
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4
Q

What are precursor metabolites and how are they made?

A
  • precursor metabolites made from initial carbon and energy sources
  • energy generated. redox reaction garnered
  • reducing power generated (energy of NADPH)
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5
Q

What is the order of highest energy and reducing power requirements for a cell?

A

1) Protein
2) RNA
3) Phospholipid
4) LPS
5) Murein
6) Glycogen

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6
Q

What are considered building block and how are they made?

A
  • building blocks are typically more reduced than precursor metabolites
  • most microbes can synthesize all their building blacks with only 13 precursor metabolites and reducing power
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7
Q

What are macromolecules and how are they made?

A
  • usually polymerizations, from building blocks
  • specific macromolecules vary by species
  • high energy cost: protein synthesis, DNA replication/ repair
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8
Q

How are cell structures made?

A
  • made from macromolecules
  • some structures require enzyme0catalyzed reactions for assembly
  • translocation from manufacture site to final location
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9
Q

What is the order of metabolism from intake to cellular products?

A

Fueling products –> building blocks –> macromolecules –> structures

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10
Q

What are the two main ways to produce ATP?

A
  • substrate-level phosphorylation

- ion gradients

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11
Q

What is Substrate-level phosphorylation?

A
  • I don’t fucking know, look that shit up idiot
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12
Q

What are transmembrane Ion gradients?

A
  • ion gradient harvest energy, as protons are transported across the membrane
  • protons that exit cell want to reenter the cell, do so through ATP enzyme
  • ATP synthase utilizes PMF to make ATP
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13
Q

What two processes should you care about the utilize ion gradients?

A
  • respiration and photosynthesis
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14
Q

What is a Biochemical Pathway?

A
  • a series of linked reactions
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15
Q

What is a metabolite?

A
  • product of a reaction
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16
Q

what is considered an end product in a pathway?

A
  • the final molecule(s) left at the end of a pathway

- can be linear and simple or cyclic

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17
Q

What does flux refer to in a biochemical pathway?

A
  • movement through a pathway a series of pathways, changing the amount of a metabolite
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18
Q

What are the three main conceptual approaches to regulating metabolism?

A
  • enzyme activity
  • enzyme amount
  • reactant concentration
19
Q

What are some methods to regulating protein activity post-translation?

A
  • Allosteric interactions

- Covalent modification

20
Q

What is allosteric interaction in protein regulation?

A
  • protein binds an allosteric effector which alters its conformation and activity
  • modulator can be a metabolite, protein, RNA
  • doesn’ bind to catalytic site
  • doesn’t need to resemble enzyme substrate
21
Q

What is covalent modification in protein regulation?

A
  • phosphorylation, methylation, etc.

- reversible

22
Q

Allostery in biosynthesis: What is Feeback inhibition and provide an example?

A
  • a type of self-regulation

- inhibition of the earlier step in a pathway once enough of a certain metabolite has been produced

23
Q

Allostery in fueling: how are pathways regulated in cells for fueling?

A
  • fueling pathways are more complex
  • cells try to maintain a stable energy charge (.87-.95)
  • more ATP and amp = lower energy level
  • lower energy level induces ATP generating pathways , decreases biosynthetic pathways
24
Q

What is a catabolic reaction? anabolic?

A
  • breaking down molecules for energy, produces many common precursors
    anabolic: building up
25
Q

What is fermentation and how much fuel does it produce?

A
  • produces the least ATP,

- simplest mechanisms, many variations of fermentation

26
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • way of producing a large amount of ATP, requires electron transport
  • oxygen os the terminal e- acceptor
27
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • way of producing a large amount of ATP, requires electron transport
  • oxygen is the terminal e- acceptor
28
Q

What is anaerobic transpiration?

A
  • same as aerobic respiration, expect anything but O2 is the acceptor of the e-
29
Q

What can state about the redox balance of fermentation?

A
  • draw this pathway out
  • Needs NAD+, Pyruvate acts as a hub to convert NADH back to NAD
  • homolactic termination: glucose –> pyruvate –> lactate
30
Q

What is the major concept of using transport chains?

A
  • they’ll produce some sort of energy from transporting protons across charged gradients
31
Q

True or False: ETC can be run backward to generate reducing power

A

True, seen in chemoautotrophs/chemolithotrophs as they don’t need to generate NADH because they don’t do glycolysis

32
Q

What is the source of the E- for ETC systems used for photosynthesis?

A
  • chlorophyll; gather sunlight and usually gives the e-
33
Q

What provides the election in cyclic photosynthesis? non-cyclic?

A
  • provided from the chlorophyll and electron can be recycled

- non-cyclic must receive electrons from an outside source, many providers

34
Q

True or false: photosynthesis most likely developed in schemes that did not generate O2

A

true ;)

35
Q

What bacteria oxygenated our planet?

A

cyanobacteria

36
Q

What is the Calvin cycle and what do autotrophs use it for?

A
  • a pathway of fixing carbon to produce fructose

- could take place in carboxysome and ut utilizes RuBisCo to fic the carbon

36
Q

What is the carbon cycle and what do autotrophs use it for?

A
  • a pathway of fixing carbon to produce fructose

- could take place ina carboxysome and ut ultizes RuBisCo to fic the carbon

37
Q

What are the three main pathways to utilizing energy?

A
  • glycolysis
  • pentose phosphate cycle
  • TCA cycle

** pathways are not completely separated from each other

38
Q

What kind of energy is produced from the Glycolysis cycle?

A
  • glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

* Can stop reaction at any point to grab a precursor molecule

39
Q

Pentose-phosphate pathway, what kind of energy will it produce?

A
  • alternative to get, glyceraldehyde-3- P, fructose-6- P
  • makes 2 other precursors
  • generates 2 NADPH
40
Q

How much energy is produced from the Tricaborxylic Acid Cycle?

A
  • can form 3 precursors
  • generates 3 NADPH, 1 FADH2
  • under anaerobic conditions cycle may be run partially or reversed to avoid excess NADH
41
Q

True or false: the big 3 pathways for energy utilization are not reversible?

A

false, usually reversible with alternative enzymes

Ex; Gluconeogenisis is the reverse of glycolysis

42
Q

When referring to the big three cyccles what does flexibility mean?

A
43
Q

When referring to the big three cycles what does flexibility mean?

A
  • the ability for a cycle to run backward and another forward or only partially, at the same time, flexibility!
  • recall the big three cycles are all interconnected

MIC 102 (5 decks)

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