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Biology (Grade 12) > Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, etc. > Flashcards

Metabolism, Cellular Respiration, etc. Flashcards

includes basic definitions, glycolysis, kreb cycle, pyruvate oxidation, electron transport chain, etc.

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1
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of the biochemical reactions in a living system

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2
Q

what is catabolism

A

the process of breaking down compounds into smaller molecules to release energy

eg. breakdown of glucose to make ATP

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3
Q

what is anabolism

A

the process of using energy to build large molecules

eg. making proteins

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4
Q

what are metabolic pathways

A

step-by-step sequences where one or more substrates form a product that becomes the substrate for the next step; each reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme

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5
Q

What is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
~ the energy that drives and links certain reactions

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6
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to another

ex. when a phosphate group is transferred from a substrate to ADP to form ATP

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7
Q

what are redox rxns

A
  • the transfer of electrons between two species or compounds

LEO lion says GER
~ Loss of Electrons is Oxidation
~ Gain of Electrons is Reduction

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8
Q

What are the “Substrates”/molecules involved in the Kreb cycle

A

1 molecule of glucose → 2 pyruvate → 2 acetyl coA

CIKSSFMO

Acetyl CoA → citrate → isocitrate → alpha ketoglutarate → succinyl CoA → succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate

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9
Q

What are the enzymes that catalyze the molecules/substrates of the Kreb Cycle?

A

(1) Citrate → citrate synthetase

(2 & 3) Citrate to isocitrate → aconitase

(4) Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate → isocitrate dehydrogenase
* FIRST REDOX RXN
* PRODUCES CO2
* REDUCES NAD+ INTO NADH + H+

(5) Alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA → dehydrogenase
* 2ND REDOX RXN
* NAD+ IS REDUCED TO NADH + H+
* PRODUCES CO2

(6) Succinyl CoA to succinate → succinyl CoA synthetase
* ONLY ENZYME THAT PRODUCES ATP THROUGH SUBSTRATE LVL PHOSPHORYLATION
* PHOSPHATE GROUP REPLACES THE COA WHICH IS THEN ADDED TO A MOLECULE OF GTP WHICH TRANSFERS IT OFF TO ADP TO PRODUCE ATP

(7) Succinate to fumarate → succinate dehydrogenase
* REDOX RXN #3
* REDUCTION OF FAD TO FORM FADH2

(8) Fumarate to malate → fumarase

(9) Malate to oxaloacetate → malate dehydrogenase
* REDOX RXN #4
* REDUCES NAD+ INTO NADH + H+

THE CYCLE REPEATS!

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10
Q

How many carbons are present in each part of the kreb cycle

A

glycolysis → 6C
pyruvate → 3C
acetyl CoA → 2C
citrate → 6C
isocitrate → 6C
alpha ketoglutarate → 5C
succinyl CoA → 4C
succinate → 4C
fumarate → 4C
malate → 4C
oxaloacetate → 4C

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11
Q

What are the products of the kreb cycle

A

FOR EACH PYRUVATE:
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

FOR EACH GLUCOSE:
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2

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12
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix when oxygen is present

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13
Q

in terms of pyruvate oxidation under aerobic conditions, what does 1 GLUCOSE yield

A

2 Acetyl CoA molecules
2 NADH
2 CO2

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14
Q

how to calculate ATP yield for carbohydrates

A

Depends on the cell type:
~ PROKARYOTIC (no membrane) = 38 ATP/glucose
~ EUKARYOTIC (membrane) = 36 ATP/glucose
~ *** heart liver and kidney = 38 ATP/glucose

1) first determine how many glucose are produced (both fructose and galactose yield the same # of ATP as glucose)
2) multiply by the number of ATP depending on the description (ex. prokaryotic, eukaryotic, in the heart, liver or kidney)

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15
Q

What is glycolysis? where does it occur?

A

glycolysis is the conversion of glucose (6C) into pyruvate (3C); occurs in the cytoplasm and no oxygen is required

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16
Q

What is a dehydrogenase enzyme

A

A dehydrogenase enzyme oxidizes the substrate by removing hydrogens and associated electrons and transferring them to an electron acceptor (ex. NAD+ to NADH + H+).

17
Q

What are kinases

A

enzymes that chemically add a phosphate group to a substrate molecule

(eg. ADP → ATP; phosphorylation)

18
Q

What are isomerases

A

enzymes that catalyze a structural rearrangement of a molecule

eg. (DHAP → G3P; ketone to aldehyde)

19
Q

For every glucose that goes through glycolysis, how much ATP is made

A

2 molecules of ATP

20
Q

What are electron carriers? specify examples

A

electron carriers are compounds that pick up electrons and donate them to low-energy compounds

eg. NAD+ to NADH
eg. FAD+ to FADH2

21
Q

What are the 10 steps of glycolysis? include the names of the substrate, enzyme, and where ATP is used.

A
  1. Glucose → Glucose-6-Phosphate: Hexokinase
    ~ ATP TURNS TO ADP
  2. Glucose-6-Phosphate → Fructose-6-Phosphate: Isomerase
    ~ aldehyde to ketone
  3. Fructose-6-Phosphate → Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate: Kinase
    ~ ATP TURNS TO ADP
  4. Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP): Aldolase
    ~ where 6C chain breaks to 3C
  5. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) → Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P): Isomerase
    ~ also a 3C
    ~ can go to DHAP to G3P or the other way around
  6. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3 Bis Phosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) → G3P dehydrogenase
    ~ THIS STEP HAPPENS TWICE
    ~ NAD+ BECOMES NADH (REDOX RXN)
  7. 1,3 Bis Phosphoglycerate (1,3 BPG) → 3-Phosphoglycerate: Kinase
    ~ ADP TURNS TO ATP
  8. 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-Phosphoglycerate: Mutase
    ~ Phosphate goes from C3 to C2
  9. 2-Phosphoglycerate → Phosphoenol Pyruvate: Enolase
  10. Phosphoenol pyruvate → pyruvate: Kinase
    ~ ADP TURNS TO ATP
    ~ 3C
    ~ TWO PYRUVATES ARE FORMED
22
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor

23
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

A

the mitochondrial matrix

24
Q

What are the steps of pyruvate oxidation? Whats the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction

A
  • pyruvate is broken down to acetate
  • CO2 is produced
  • Remainder binds to coenzyme A to produce acetyl-CoA
  • NAD+ is reduced to form NADH

the enzyme that catalyzes this rxn is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (3 enzymes)

25
Q

In terms of the Electron transport chain, how many ATP does each NADH and FADH2 make?

A

each NADH makes 3 ATP

each FADH2 makes 2 ATP

26
Q

Where does the electron transport chain (aka oxidative phosphorylation) occur?

A

in the mitochondria; series of protein complexes are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

27
Q

What is the risk of having a lot of heat released from an exothermic biochemical reaction?

A

the increase in temperature will denature proteins in the cell

28
Q

What are the names of the 3 proteins involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

A

I (1) - NADH dehydrogenase
III (3) - bc1 complex
IV (5) - Cytochrome c oxidase

29
Q

what does the ATP synthase protein complex allow?

A

complete diffusion of H+ ions down their gradient back into the matrix

Every 2 H+ ions that diffuse back through, one ADP is phosphorylated to ATP

30
Q

describe the idea of reaction coupling

A
  • our bodies have both exothermic and endothermic reactions happening
  • if an endothermic rxn is happening nearby and at the same time, then the heat from one reaction can be used to drive the reaction that requires heat
  • for example, in cells, energy from catabolic rxns is used to power anabolic rxns
31
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)

32
Q

What are the key steps of the electron transport chain

A
  • NADH/FADH2 donate electrons to protein complexes in the cristae. This reforms NAD/FAD
  • NADH electrons pass through all 3 complexes & FADH2 electrons only pass through 2
  • H+ ions remind behind in the matrix solution. The protein complexes actively pump H+ ions out of the matrix against the gradient
  • H+ ion gradient builds up in the intermembrane space
  • 2 electrons are finally donated to an oxygen atom and combined with 2H+ ions to form water
33
Q

In terms of fates of pyruvate; under anaerobic conditions, what is OXYGEN DEBT?

A

the amount of oxygen required to eliminate/remove the lactate

34
Q

Fates of pyruvate; under anaerobic conditions:

What are 2 other organic compounds that can be produced besides lactate and ethanol?

A

butanol and acetone

35
Q

what are the final electron acceptors for aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation?

A

aerobic - oxygen
anaerobic - inorganic molecule
fermentation - organic molecule

36
Q

What is lactate fermentation?

A
  • in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate gets reduced to LACTATE (organic molecule)
  • occurs in some bacteria & eukaryotic cells
  • electrons are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid
37
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A
  • OCCURS IN UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS LIKE YEAST
  • in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate gets reduced to ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • NADH is oxidized into NAD+
  • an intermediate, 2-acetaldehyde is produced which accepts electrons from NADH to form ethanol
38
Q

What are some applications/uses of ethanol fermentation in society?

A
  • used to manufacture baking goods and alcoholic beverages (ex. yeast)
  • used during the war to make weapons and gun powder
  • used as lamp fuel, in engines, and other machinery

Biology (Grade 12) (8 decks)

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