Metabolism basics Flashcards
What are 3 ways for cells to store energy from metabolism?
Concentration gradients, electron shuttles, ATP
How is the energy from metabolism stored as a concentration gradient?
Is stored as potential energy across a membrane
How is the energy from metabolism stored in electron shuttles?
High energy electrons get added to a shuttle molecule and reduces it
How is the energy released from high energy electron shuttles
Oxidation
What are 3 common electron shuttle molecules?
NAD+, FAD+, NADP+
How is the energy from metabolism stored in ATP?
Adding a phosphate to ADP creates a high energy bond that can be released
How is energy released from ATP?
Hydrolysis
What are the 2 ways to make ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
Phosphate is added to ADP from a high-energy metabolic intermediate by a kinase
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Energy from the PMF is used to power ATP synthase to stick a phosphate onto ADP
What are the two metabolic processes used to release energy from organic carbon?
Fermentation and respiration
Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
Always anaerobic
How is ATP made in fermentation?
Only substrate level phosphorylation
How much ATP is made in fermentation?
Only a little bit
Does fermentation involve electron transport chains?
No
What is the terminal electron acceptor of fermentation? (generally)
Organic compound
Is respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
Either
How is ATP made in respiration?
Substrate level phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation
How much ATP does respiration make?
A lot
Does respiration involve electron transport chains?
Yes, to generate the PMF
What is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration?
Inorganic compound
What are the 2 ways to classify metabolism based on carbon source?
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
What is an autotroph?
Organism that uses inorganic carbon as its carbon source
What is a heterotroph?
Organism that uses organic carbon as its carbon source
What are the 2 ways to classify metabolism based on energy source?
Phototrophs and chemotrophs
What is a phototroph?
Organism that uses light energy as its energy source to make ATP and the PMF
What is a chemotroph?
Organism that uses chemical energy as its energy source to make ATP and the PMF
What are the 2 types of chemotrophs?
Organotrophs and lithotrophs
What is an organotroph?
Source of chemical energy is organic carbon compounds
What is a lithotroph?
Source of chemical energy is inorganic compounds
What is a chemoheterotroph?
Organism that uses organic carbon as a carbon and energy source
What is a chemoautotroph?
Organism that uses chemical energy as its energy source and inorganic carbon as its carbon source. System is unique to bacteria
What is a photoautotroph?
Organism that uses light energy as its energy source and inorganic carbon as its carbon source
What is a photoheterotroph?
Organism that uses light energy as its energy source and organic carbon as its carbon source. Pretty rare, unique to bacteria
