Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards
What are the 6 groups of nutrients?
3 Macro: Carbs, Fats, Protein
2 Micro: Vitamins and Minerals
Water
Carbohydrates
Rapid and readily source of energy
3 Forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
glucose (preferred source of energy), fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Maltose and Sucrose
Polysaccharides
Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen (storage form of glucose)
Glucose
simple sugar (monosaccharides) also known as blood sugar; can be used for energy or stored as glycogen
Glycogen
storage form of glucose in animals; typically stored in liver and muscles
Glycogenesis
Formulation of glycogen from glucose (fed state)
Glycogenolysis
breaking down of glycogen into glucose
Fats
fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated), triglyceride
Saturated fatty acid
contains max number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
does not contain max number of hydrogen atoms and has at least one double bond
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
at least 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
more than one double bond
Triglycerides
storage form fat in body, has to go through extra step before being metabolized, broken into 3 fatty acids and glycerol
Protein
contains an amino side group that differs from fats and carbs
Enzymes
protein molecule that facilitate a chemical reaction by lowering energy of activation
Catabolic Reaction
breaking down of substrate into molecules and releasing energy
Anabolic Reaction
using energy to form a product from separate molecules (building up)
Examples of Catabolic Pathways
Glycolysis (glucose breakdown), Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)
Examples of Anabolic Pathways
Gluconeogenesis (synthesize glucose), Glycogenesis (synthesize glycogen)
Anaerobic
without oxygen, doesn’t require additional oxygen to be taken in by muscles to move body
Aerobic
with oxygen, requires steady supply of oxygen to muscles for activity
Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)
BMR (basal metabolic rate) + NEAT + TEF
BMR
basal metabolic rate, energy expended from normal bodily function
NEAT
non-exercise activity thermogenesis, walking up stairs, etc
TEF
thermal effect of food, expends energy to process and metabolize food, protein expends a lot of energy to digest
Factors Affecting BMR
age, gender, body mass, body composition, height, genetics
ATP
limited currency of energy
ATP-Pc System
Anaerobic, quick release of energy, short intense sprints and vertical jumps, lasts for 30 seconds
Anaerobic Glycolysis
quick bursts of energy with time to rest in between, but going on repeatedly; like tennis, repetitive sprints with time to rest in between
Aerobic Glycolysis
breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, requires oxygen, longer activities like running a mile or a marathon where the stored ATP is not enough to supply energy and more must be produced
