Metabolism and Nutrition

Question 1

What are the 6 groups of nutrients?

Answer 1

3 Macro: Carbs, Fats, Protein
2 Micro: Vitamins and Minerals
Water

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Rapid and readily source of energy
3 Forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 3

Monosaccharides

Answer 3

glucose (preferred source of energy), fructose, galactose

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

Maltose and Sucrose

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen (storage form of glucose)

Question 6

Glucose

Answer 6

simple sugar (monosaccharides) also known as blood sugar; can be used for energy or stored as glycogen

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

storage form of glucose in animals; typically stored in liver and muscles

Question 8

Glycogenesis

Answer 8

Formulation of glycogen from glucose (fed state)

Question 9

Glycogenolysis

Answer 9

breaking down of glycogen into glucose

Question 10

Fats

Answer 10

fatty acids (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated), triglyceride

Question 11

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 11

contains max number of hydrogen atoms and no double bonds

Question 12

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 12

does not contain max number of hydrogen atoms and has at least one double bond

Question 13

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 13

at least 1 double bond

Question 14

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 14

more than one double bond

Question 15

Triglycerides

Answer 15

storage form fat in body, has to go through extra step before being metabolized, broken into 3 fatty acids and glycerol

Question 16

Protein

Answer 16

contains an amino side group that differs from fats and carbs

Question 17

Enzymes

Answer 17

protein molecule that facilitate a chemical reaction by lowering energy of activation

Question 18

Catabolic Reaction

Answer 18

breaking down of substrate into molecules and releasing energy

Question 19

Anabolic Reaction

Answer 19

using energy to form a product from separate molecules (building up)

Question 20

Examples of Catabolic Pathways

Answer 20

Glycolysis (glucose breakdown), Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)

Question 21

Examples of Anabolic Pathways

Answer 21

Gluconeogenesis (synthesize glucose), Glycogenesis (synthesize glycogen)

Question 22

Anaerobic

Answer 22

without oxygen, doesn’t require additional oxygen to be taken in by muscles to move body

Question 23

Aerobic

Answer 23

with oxygen, requires steady supply of oxygen to muscles for activity

Question 24

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

Answer 24

BMR (basal metabolic rate) + NEAT + TEF

Question 25

BMR

Answer 25

basal metabolic rate, energy expended from normal bodily function

Question 26

NEAT

Answer 26

non-exercise activity thermogenesis, walking up stairs, etc

Question 27

TEF

Answer 27

thermal effect of food, expends energy to process and metabolize food, protein expends a lot of energy to digest

Question 28

Factors Affecting BMR

Answer 28

age, gender, body mass, body composition, height, genetics

Question 29

ATP

Answer 29

limited currency of energy

Question 30

ATP-Pc System

Answer 30

Anaerobic, quick release of energy, short intense sprints and vertical jumps, lasts for 30 seconds

Question 31

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Answer 31

quick bursts of energy with time to rest in between, but going on repeatedly; like tennis, repetitive sprints with time to rest in between

Question 32

Aerobic Glycolysis

Answer 32

breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, requires oxygen, longer activities like running a mile or a marathon where the stored ATP is not enough to supply energy and more must be produced