Metabolism and Biogenergetics. Flashcards
What does Metabolism do?
It allows all living things to grow, reproduce and move etc.
It enables cells to transform energy, from light, food etc.
To use Chemical energy; the synthesis of macromolecules and perform biological ‘work’
How are organisms classified?
From their source of energy and their source of carbon for the synthesis of cellular material - chemotroph (transform chemical energy) phototroph - need some preformed organic nutrients.
Heterotroph and autotrophs.
How many metric tons of carbon are cycling through the biosphere?
4 x 10^11 metric tons of carbon.
What is a metabolome?
This is a term for all metabolites in a cell or system
What is metabolomics?
These are the systemic characteristics of metabolome including under specific conditions.
What are catabolic pathways? What do they do?
These are convergent pathways which transform fuels into cellular energy ex: ATP, NADH, NADPH and FADH.
What are anabolic pathways? What do they do?
These are divergent and require cell energy to synthesis diverse macromolecules from small precursor molecules.
How regulated in metabolism? How integrated is it?
It is highly regulated and is integrated into the systems.
Which receptor enhances the sars cov -2 entry?
HDL receptor.
What is bioenergetics?
This is the quantitative study of energy transductions in living cells/organisms/systems.
The amount of free energy available to do work = free energy G
If reaction at equilibrium = 0
If reaction occurs spontaneously if delta G negative = EXERGONIC
What drives biochemical reactions?
Enzymes - makes them more thermodynamically favourable and specific. Enzymes allow for this.
What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?
Total amount of energy in universe is constant.
Universe tends towards disorder entropy, X of universe increases.
What is thermodynamics referred as/measured in?
The change in Gibbs free energy, the delta - occurs in cell not a free chem reaction.
What are the different terms of reactions from occurring spontaneously (neg) and not occurring spontaneously (pos)?
Exergonic (neg)
Endergonic (pos)
What can a a thermodynamically favorable reaction in metabolism be driven by?
By a thermodynamically favourable one.
Standard free energy change is?
Additive
What enzyme allows for glycolysis?
Hexokinase.
Glycolysis generic formula:
C6H12O6
What does loss of ATP lead to ?
Cell injury/cell death.
What charge do the phosphate groups have in ATP?
Negative, they repel eachother.
What is the bond between the triphosphate in ATP?
Phosphoanhydride bond, the breaking of this bond creates/transfers energy. Usually exergonic. Each of these bonds/break/hydrolysis has a high negative free energy change.
Where is ATP synthesised?
In the mitochondria, inner foldings. Symbiotic bacteria descendent.
What is the synthesis of ATP called?
Oxidative phosphorylation.
What are other examples of other phosphorylated compounds besides ATP?
Phosphoenolpyruvate and phosphocreatine (supplement - muscle) and some non-phosphorylated compounds ex: thioesters.
These all have large free energies of hydrolysis and can drive metabolic processes.
How much energy is released by ATP hydrolysis?
-30.5kJ/mol
How much energy is released by complete oxidation of glucose and palmitate?
Glucose: -2840 kj/mol
Palmitate: -9770 kj/mol
What do kinases use for cell signalling?
ATP
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain.
What is the basis of catabolism?
Oxidation - loss of electrons/giving.
What is the basis of anabolism?
Reduction - using/taking of electrons
What is a reducing equivalent?
This is a single electron equivalent participating in redox reactions.
What are reduction potentials?
This is a measure of the affinity for electrons.
What form are electrons removed from living cells most often in catabolism?
Hydrogen.
What is the most electronegative (hog electrons) element in living cells?
Oxygen - pulls electrons
What does electron motor force provide energy to?
To a variety of molecular energy transducers - ATP synthase, ATP and other enzymes allowing systems to work in the cell.
What is an example of redox in the body?
Hydrogen and fluorine.
What does biological oxidation in catabolism often involve?
The removal of hydrogen atoms
What synthesises ATP?
The electron transport chain.
What enzymes are used in the removal of hydrogen atoms? Which cofactors?
Dehydrogenases (enabling carbon hydrogen atoms to break down), NAD, FAD
What enzymes are used in anabolism ? The addition of hydrogen atoms?
Hydrogenases.
What are the 4 major electron carriers in metabolism?
NAD, FAD, NADP, FMN - metabolism relies heavily on these biomolecules and are specifically designed to be great electron carrier molecules by harvesting and collecting electron energy.
What is usually covalently attached to FAD?
Enzymes
What does NAD generally function system wise?
Catabolism
How does NADP function?
Through anabolism.
What do NAD and NADP derive from vitamin wise?
Niacin, vitamin B3 (precursor NAD, NADP)
What is a dietary deficiency of niacin called?
Pellagra - skin, gut and brain problems.
What is the precursor of FAD?
Riboflavin
Is the more NAD or NADP in cells?
NADP.
What part of the NADP/NAD accepts a hydride ion?
The nicotinamide ring. - 2 electrons and one proton.
Where can alcohol dehydrogenase be found?
In the stomach and the liver - allows for the consumption of alcoholic beverages a natural function to oxidise/catabolise alcohols by bacteria in the gut.
What does FAD stand for?
Flavin Adenine dinucleotide
What does FMN stand for?
Flavin Mononucleotide.
What are FAD and FMN derived from ?
Riboflavin Vitamin B2 - Milk, cheese.
How are FAD and FMN bound to dehydrogenases and what are these called?
Covalently , called flavoproteins.
What is the ring structure in FMN/FAD called and what does it do?
Isoalloxazine ring - accepts 1 or 2 electrons. Fused ring structure accepts one or two electrons in the form of hydrogen atoms,
What is EMF?
This is the energy per unit electric charge that is imparted by an energy source.
What is the difference between FAD and FMN?
One is a mononucleotide and the other is a dinucleotide.
