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Biochemistry II > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

___________________ represents the totality of reactions a given cell or organism carries out.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

What are the four general roles of metabolism?

A
  1. Energy generation
  2. Nutrient breakdown
  3. Biomolecule synthesis
  4. Specialized molecule synthesis (i.e., hormones)
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3
Q

_____________ ____________ are a series of connected reactions that produce specific products.

A

Metabolic pathways

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4
Q

________________ are defined as intermediates or products of metabolism.

A

Metabolites

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5
Q

Metabolic pathways are _________, cyclic, or branched.

A

Linear

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6
Q

What three types of metabolic pathways are there?

A
  1. Linear
  2. Cyclic
  3. Branched
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7
Q

What is an example of a linear metabolic pathway?

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

What is an example of a cyclic metabolic pathway?

A

The Krebs Cycle (the Citric Acid Cycle)

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9
Q

What is an example of a branched metabolic pathway?

A

Eicosanoid synthesis

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10
Q

Catabolic pathways are ______________, oxidative, _________________, and energy-releasing

A

Degradative

Oxidative

Convergent

Energy-releasing

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11
Q

Anabolic pathways are ____________, reductive, divergent, and ____________ ____________.

A

Synthetic

Reductive

Divergent

Energy requiring

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12
Q

What types of pathways are degradative, oxidative, convergent, and energy releasing?

A

Catabolic

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13
Q

Why types of pathways are synthetic, reductive, divergent, and energy requiring?

A

Anabolic pathways

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14
Q

Catabolism and anabolism are connected by three factors. What are they?

A
  1. Energy products
  2. Carbon skeletons
  3. Reducing molecues
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15
Q

In oxidation-reducation reactions, electrons are transferred from an electron donor or ____________ agent to an electron acceptor or ___________ agent

A

Reducing agent

Oxidizing agent

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16
Q

Reducing agents become _____________; oxidizing agents become ____________

A

Oxidized

Reduced

17
Q

How do electrons spontaneously flow?

A

From low to high standard reduction potentials

18
Q

What is the mathematical relationship between Gibbs Free energy and the standard reduction potential?

A
19
Q

Do you multiple the standard reduction potential by the moles of a reaction?

A

No, never

20
Q

How do we account for non-standard conditions?

A

The Nernst Equation

∆G’ = ∆Go’ + RTlnQ

∆G’ = -nF∆Eo’ + RTlnQ

21
Q

How are standard reduction potentials related to electron affinities (i.e., the greater the tendency of a species to accept electrons and therefore be reduced)?

A

The higher the standard reduction potential, the higher the electron affinity and the more likely the species is to accept electrons and be reduced

The lower the standard reduction potential, the lower the electron affinity and the more likely the species is to give up electrons and be oxidized

22
Q

_______________ _____________ like NAD+ and FAD are required for cellular redox reactions

A

Electron carriers

23
Q

Which electron carrier - NAD+ or FAD - is reversibly bound to an enzyme and thus considered a cosubstrate?

A

NAD+

24
Q

Which electron carrier - NAD+ or FAD - tightly associates with enzymes and is often considered a prosthetic group?

A

FAD

25
Q

There are four general types of metabolic reactions. What are they?

A
  1. Redox
  2. Make/break C-C single bonds
  3. Group transfer (phosphoryl, acyl, glycosyl)
  4. EIR - eliminations (dehydrases), isomerizations (isomerases), and rearrangments (mutases)
26
Q

What carbons are most reduced and oxidized?

A
27
Q

Why is 3-phosphoglycerate not a high-energy compound?

A

Because upon its hydrolysis, only a phosphoester bond is formed, not the high energy phosphoanhydride boned; there is no additional resonance or ionization; and no lowering of charge repulsion

28
Q

Which path will G6P take if more ribose is needed than NADPH?

A

Non-oxidative PPP (in “reverse”)

Glycolysis (produces F6P and GAP, which are “reactants” in non-oxidative PPP)

29
Q

Which path will G6P take if NADPH and ribose needs are balanced?

A

Oxidative PPP

30
Q

What path will G6P take if more NADPH is needed than ribose?

A

Oxidative PPP (to produce NADPH)

Non-oxidative PPP (recycle ribose to GAP and F6P)

Gluconeogenesis (GAP and F6P to G6P)

31
Q

Which path will G6P take if both NADPH and ATP are required?

A

Oxidative PPP (NADPH)

Non-oxidative PPP (ribose to F6P and GAP)

Glycolysis (G6P and GAP yield ATP)

32
Q

What is the structure of glycerol?

A
33
Q

If the liver is synthesizing fats and making nucleotides, what paths of the pentose phosphate pathway are operating?

A

Oxidative PPP (ribose)

Non-oxidative PPP (F6P & GAP)

Gluconeogensis (G6P)

34
Q

If the liver requires ribose for nucleotide synthesis, which pathways are operating?

A

Glycolysis (F6P & GAP)

Non-oxidative PPP (in reverse for ribose)

Biochemistry II (19 decks)

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