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EoM NBME > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Rate determining enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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2
Q

Rate determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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3
Q

Rate determining enzyme of TCA Cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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4
Q

Rate determining enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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5
Q

Rate determining enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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6
Q

Rate determining enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

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7
Q

Rate determining enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

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8
Q

Rate determining enzyme of de novo purine synthesis

A

glutamine-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase

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9
Q

Rate determining enzyme of urea cycle

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

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10
Q

Rate determining enzyme of fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

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11
Q

Rate determining enzyme of fatty acid oxidation

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I

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12
Q

Rate determining enzyme of ketogenesis

A

HMG-CoA Synthase

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13
Q

Rate determining enzyme of cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA Reductase

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14
Q

What do NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 carry?

A

electrons

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15
Q

What do CoA and lipoamide carry?

A

Acyl groups

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16
Q

What does biotin carry?

A

CO2

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17
Q

What does tetrahydrofolate carry?

A

1-carbon units

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18
Q

What does S-adenosylmethionine carry?

A

methyl groups

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19
Q

What does TPP carry?

A

Aldehydes

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20
Q

NADPH is used in what four things

A

1) anabolic processes
2) respiratory burst
3) cytochrome p-450 system
4) glutathione reductase

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21
Q

NAD+ is usually used in catabolic or anabolic processes?

A

Catabolic

22
Q

Is it glucokinase or hexokinase in the liver?

A

Glucokinase

23
Q

What has a lower Km – glucokinase or hexokinase?

A

hexokinase

24
Q

What has a lower Vmax – glucokinase or hexokinase?

A

hexokinase

25
Q

True or false: hexokinase is induced by insulin?

A

False. Glucokinase is though

26
Q

True or false: hexokinase is feedback inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?

A

True. Glucokinase is not, however

27
Q

How many NADH are produced from glycolysis?

A

two

28
Q

Enzymes in glycolysis which require ATP input (2)

A

1) Hexokinase/glucokinase

2) phosphofructokinase-1

29
Q

Enzymes in glycolysis which produce ATP (2)

A

1) phosphoglycerate kinase

2) pyruvate kinase

30
Q

Regulator of hexokinase

A

Glucose-6-phosphate (negative)

31
Q

Regulator of glucokinase

A

Fructose-6-phosphate (negative)

32
Q

Regulators of phosphofructokinase-1 (4)

A

1) AMP (pos)
2) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (pos)
3) ATP (neg)
4) citrate (neg)

33
Q

Regulators of pyruvate kinase (3)

A

1) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (pos)
2) ATP (neg)
3) alanine (neg)

34
Q

What reverses function between fructosebisphosphatase-2 and phosphofructokinase-2 (same enzyme)?

A

Phosphorylation by protein kinase A

35
Q

Five cofactors necessary for pyruvate dehydrogenase’s function

A

1) Thiamine pyrophosphate
2) lipoic acid
3) CoA
4) FAD
5) NAD+

36
Q

Causes a buildup of pyruvate that gets shunted to lactate and alanine. X-linked condition

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency

37
Q

Four destinations of pyruvate

A

1) alanine
2) oxaloacetate
3) TCA cycle
4) lactate

38
Q

FADH2 produced by the TCA Cycle

A

1

39
Q

NADH produced by the TCA cycle

A

3

40
Q

CO2 produced by the TCA cycle

A

2

41
Q

Five cofactors necessary for alpha-ketoglutarate’s function

A

1) Thiamine pyrophosphate
2) lipoic acid
3) CoA
4) FAD
5) NAD+

42
Q

Four irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis

A

1) pyruvate carboxylase
2) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
3) fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
4) glucose-6-phosphatase

43
Q

Where does the pentose phosphate pathway occur in the cell?

A

cytoplasm

44
Q

What does pyruvate carboxylase require?

A

biotin and ATP

45
Q

Activator of pyruvate carboxylase

A

Acetyl-CoA

46
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase requires ATP or GTP?

A

GTP

47
Q

Regulators of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (3)

A

1) Citrate (pos)
2) AMP (neg)
3) fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (neg)

48
Q

ATP produced by ATP synthase per NADH

A

2.5 ATP

49
Q

ATP produced by ATP synthase per FADH2

A

1.5 ATP

50
Q

Involves a defect in fructokinase. Autosomal recessive. Benign, asymptomatic condition since fructose is not trapped in cells.

A

Essential fructosuria

EoM NBME (6 decks)

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