Metabolism

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

breakdown of 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate.
can occur with or without the presence of oxygen.
occurs in the cytosol.
net reaction: glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH

Question 2

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 2

the production of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate molecule from a molecule to an ADP.

Question 3

Fermentation

Answer 3

describes metabolism in the absence of oxygen. Includes glycolysis as well as the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid and the oxidation of NADH back to NAD+.
Not an optimal process, producing only 2 ATP per glucose molecule.

Question 4

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

Answer 4

alternative pathway to glycolysis. Does not produce ATP. Its purpose is to create NADPH and some 5 carbon sugars, including ribose.

Question 5

Glycogenesis

Answer 5

storage of glycogen. Muscle cells store glucose as glycogen for their own use. Liver cells store glucose as glycogen so that they can later release it for use by other cells.

Question 6

Glycogenolysis

Answer 6

Breakdown of glycogen.

Question 7

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 7

a process whereby liver cells synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate products, such as proteins and lactic acid.