Metabolism Flashcards
List the 6 essential components of the diet and 1 non essential.
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, water, and fibre.
Describe the condition of diabetes mellitus.(1)
When blood glucose is too high, hyperglycaemia, over years and leads to damage to small and large blood vessels.
What is the main store of glycogen?
Liver,
Why are lipids an essential part of the diet? And what percentage of our energy intake should they be?
30% of our daily energy intake should be from fats.
Necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K.
Structural components of cell membranes.
What part of the diet facilitates metabolic reactions?
Vitamins and minerals
Why are amino acids essential? What do they produce? List 3 compounds.
Used to synthesise nitrogen containing compounds.
Purines, pyridamines and haem groups.
How is the nitrogen balance altered in starvation and in pregnancy?
Normal: N2 intake = N2 loss
Starvation/ muscle wastage: n2< n2 loss
Pregnancy/growth: n2>n2 loss
Why is the nitrogen balance effected by pregnancy or growth?
Nitrogen released in the continuous breakdown of tissue protein. These are mostly reused. Excess is secreted in urea.
During growth there is more n2 than loss though.
Name the disorder caused by a low protein, high carbohydrate diet.
That causes symptoms of odema, anaemia, distended abdomen, lethargy and anorexia.
Affects hair and skin.
Kwashiorkor.
E.g. A young child displaced from breast feeding and going on to a diet of cassava and carbohydrate.
What condition can occur when a child is nutrient deficient and in particular, low in protein? Leads to no odema?
Marasmus
Describe an exergonic chemical reaction
When energy input is greater than the energy released
What is the equation for calculating BMI?
= weight (kg) /
Height2 (m)
Is energy from fuel released by oxidation or reduction?
Oxidation.
There are three components to our daily energy expenditure
Basal metabolic rate: energy to required to maintain life. The functioning of the body and physical digestive and emotional rest.
Energy for voluntary physical activities
Energy require to process the food we eat. Diet induced thermogenesis.
How do we estimate BMR? And what are the major tissues contributing to it (4).
Body weight(kg) x 100. If not obese Skeletal muscle, 30% CNS Liver Heart
How would you calculate a rough estimate of the total daily energy required for a person who does 2 hrs excercise a day?
BMR + 60/70%
+30 sedentary
+100 several hours a day
How much energy is required to process food?
10%
BMI values. State ranges.
Normal is 18.5-24.9
Underweight is below 18.5 Overweight is 25-29.9 Obese 30-34.5 Severely obese 35+ Waist to hip more accurate
Define homeostasis and state it’s importance
The internal environment of the body. It must remain stable.
It counteracts changes in the internal environment.
Failure - disease
Define cell metabolism and state it’s importance
The physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell necessary for maintenence of life.
derive energy and raw materials from food stuffs and use them in the tissues of the body.
Support the growth, constant repair, and activity of tissues.
Describe anabolic and catabolic metabolism
Catabolism is the break down of molecules to release energy. It provides reducing power as it is an oxidation reaction.
Anabolism. Uses reducing power and raw materials to make molecules for growth and maintenance. Uses energy, mostly hydrolysis of ATP
Name 4 catabolic pathways.
Glycolysis, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, glycosylation, fa syntheis,
Give 4 examples of pathways and reactions that build up molecules.
Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, e acceptors other than oxygen
Why do cells need a continuous supply of energy?
The supply the cells and ensure that they undergo their normal reactions. Without energy many cells cannot function.